2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2008 (1.71)
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
|
|
|
|
|
* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
|
|
|
|
|
* with significant contributions from:
|
|
|
|
|
Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
|
|
|
|
|
<HTML>
|
|
|
|
|
<HEAD>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<TITLE>Volume and Dynamics</TITLE>
|
|
|
|
|
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Volume and Dynamics">
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="mma">
|
|
|
|
|
<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
|
|
|
|
|
<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=utf-8">
|
|
|
|
|
<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2008">
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="mma.css">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="next" HREF="node19.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node17.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="up" HREF="mma.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="next" HREF="node19.html">
|
|
|
|
|
</HEAD>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff">
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html671"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="node19.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html669"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="mma.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html663"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="node17.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html672"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node19.html">Repeats</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html670"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html664"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node17.html">Swing</A>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR></DIV>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<!--Table of Child-Links-->
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html673"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001810000000000000000">Accent</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html674"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001820000000000000000">AdjustVolume</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html675"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001821000000000000000">Mnemonic Volume Ratios</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html676"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001822000000000000000">Master Volume Ratio</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html677"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001830000000000000000">Volume</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html678"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001840000000000000000">Cresc and Decresc</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html679"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001850000000000000000">Swell</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html680"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001860000000000000000">RVolume</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html681"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#SECTION001870000000000000000">Saving and Restoring Volumes</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
|
|
|
|
|
<HR>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001800000000000000000"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="sec-volume"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume and Dynamics
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Before getting into
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> volume specifics, we'll present a short
|
|
|
|
|
primer on volume as it relates to MIDI devices.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
A MIDI device (a keyboard, software synth, etc.) has several methods
|
|
|
|
|
to control how loud a sound is:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Whenever a “note on” event is sent to the device it has a
|
|
|
|
|
“velocity” byte. The velocity can be a value from 1 to 127 (in
|
|
|
|
|
most cases the value 0 will turn off a note). You can think of these
|
|
|
|
|
velocity values in the same way as you think of the difference in
|
|
|
|
|
loudness of a piano key depending on the strength with which you
|
|
|
|
|
strike a key. The harder you hit the key or the greater the velocity
|
|
|
|
|
value, the louder the tone.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>MIDI devices have “controllers” which set the volume for a
|
|
|
|
|
given channel. For example, Controller 7 is the “Channel Volume
|
|
|
|
|
MSB” and Controller 39 is the “Channel Volume LSB”. By sending
|
|
|
|
|
different values to these controllers the volume for the specified
|
|
|
|
|
channel will be modified. These changes are relative to the
|
|
|
|
|
velocities of notes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Finally, there are various “external” settings such as volume
|
|
|
|
|
knobs, foot pedals and amplifier settings. We'll ignore these
|
|
|
|
|
completely.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
An important difference between the “velocity” and “controller”
|
|
|
|
|
methods is that you cannot change the volume of a note once it has
|
|
|
|
|
started using the “velocity” method. However, relying on the
|
|
|
|
|
“controller” method doesn't always overcome this limitation: some
|
|
|
|
|
synths or playback devices don't support channel volume controllers
|
|
|
|
|
and having multiple notes with different volumes is impossible. So,
|
|
|
|
|
you might need a combination of the two methods to achive your desired
|
|
|
|
|
results.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In a
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> program there are a number ways to control the velocity of
|
|
|
|
|
each note created.<A NAME="tex2html62"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot7937"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The basic method used by
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> to affect volume is to change the
|
|
|
|
|
velocity of a “note on” event. However, you might also be interested
|
|
|
|
|
in accessing your MIDI device more directly to set better mixes
|
|
|
|
|
between channels. In that case you should read the discussion for
|
|
|
|
|
MIDIV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> (<A HREF="node21.html#channelvol">here</A>).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The rest of this chapter deals with MIDI velocity. Each note created
|
|
|
|
|
by in a
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> program receives an initial velocity set in the pattern
|
|
|
|
|
definition. It then goes though several adjustments. Here's the
|
|
|
|
|
overview of the creation and changes each note's velocity setting goes
|
|
|
|
|
though.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<OL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>The initial velocity is set in the pattern definition, see
|
|
|
|
|
<A HREF="node4.html#sec-pats">patterns</A>,<A NAME="tex2html63"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot7948"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>the velocity is then adjusted by the master and track volume
|
|
|
|
|
settings<A NAME="tex2html64"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot7949"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A> (see
|
|
|
|
|
<A HREF="#volume-ratio">here</A> for the discussion
|
|
|
|
|
of A<SMALL>DJUST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME </SMALL>RATIO),
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>if certain notes are to be accented, yet another adjustment is
|
|
|
|
|
made,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>and, finally, if the random volume is set, more adjustment.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For the most part
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses conventional musical score notation for
|
|
|
|
|
volumes. Internally, the dynamic name is converted to a percentage
|
|
|
|
|
value. The note velocity is adjusted by the percentage.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The following table shows the available volume settings and the
|
|
|
|
|
adjustment values.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table CellSpacing=0 Width="80%" Align="Center" CellPadding=10 BGColor="#dddddd" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr> <td>
|
|
|
|
|
<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><SPAN CLASS="textit">Symbolic Name</SPAN></TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><SPAN CLASS="textit">Ratio (Percentage) Adjustment</SPAN></TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">off</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">0</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pppp</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">5</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ppp</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">10</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pp</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">25</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">p</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">40</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mp</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">70</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">m</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">100</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mf</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">110</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">f</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">130</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ff</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">160</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">fff</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">180</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ffff</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">200</TD>
|
|
|
|
|
</TR>
|
|
|
|
|
</TABLE>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DIV>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The setting O<SMALL>FF</SMALL> is useful for generating fades at the end of a
|
|
|
|
|
piece. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume ff
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Decresc Off 5
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
G / Gm / * 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will cause the last 5 bars of your music to fade from a <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> to
|
|
|
|
|
silence.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
As stated before, the initial velocity of a note is set in the pattern
|
|
|
|
|
definition (see <A HREF="node4.html#sec-pats">patterns</A>). The
|
|
|
|
|
following commands set the master volume, track volume and random
|
|
|
|
|
volume adjustments. And, again, please note that even though this
|
|
|
|
|
manual calls the adjustments “volume”, they all do the same thing:
|
|
|
|
|
manipulate the initial note velocity.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001810000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="accent"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Accent
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
“Real musicians”,<A NAME="tex2html65"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot7974"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A> in an almost
|
|
|
|
|
automatic manner, emphasize notes on certain beats. In popular Western
|
|
|
|
|
music written in <SPAN CLASS="textbf">4/4</SPAN> time this is usually beats one and
|
|
|
|
|
three. This emphasis sets the pulse or beat in a piece.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> you can set the velocities in a pattern so that this emphasis
|
|
|
|
|
is automatically adjusted. For example, when setting a walking bass
|
|
|
|
|
line pattern you could use a pattern definition like:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Define Walk W1234 1 4 100; 2 4 70; 3 4 80; 4 4 70 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
However, it is much easier to use a definition which has all the
|
|
|
|
|
velocities the same:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Define Walk W1234 1 1 90 * 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
and use the A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL> command to increase or decrease the volume
|
|
|
|
|
of notes on certain beats:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Walk Accent 1 20 2 -10 4 -10 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The above command will increase the volume for walking bass notes on
|
|
|
|
|
beat 1 by 20%, and decrease the volumes of notes on beats 2 and 4 by
|
|
|
|
|
10%.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You can use this command in all tracks.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
When specifying the accents, you must have matching pairs of data. The
|
|
|
|
|
first item in the pair is the beat (which can be fractional), the
|
|
|
|
|
second is the volume adjustment. This is a percentage of the current
|
|
|
|
|
note volume that is added (or subtracted) to the volume. Adjustment
|
|
|
|
|
factors must be integers in the range -100 to 100.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL>s can apply to all bars in a track; as well, you can
|
|
|
|
|
set different accents for different bars. Just use a “{}” pair to
|
|
|
|
|
delimit each bar. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Bass Accent {1 20} / / {1 30 3 30} </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The above line will set an accent on beat 1 of bars 1, 2 and 3; in bar
|
|
|
|
|
4 beats 1 and 3 will be accented.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You can use a “/” to repeat a setting. The “/” can be enclosed in
|
|
|
|
|
a “{}” delimiter if you want.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001820000000000000000">
|
|
|
|
|
AdjustVolume</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H2><A NAME="SECTION001821000000000000000">
|
|
|
|
|
Mnemonic Volume Ratios</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The ratios used to adjust the volume can be changed from the table at
|
|
|
|
|
the start of this chapter. For example, to change the percentage used
|
|
|
|
|
for the <SMALL>MF</SMALL> setting:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume MF=95 f=120 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Note that you can have multiple setting on the same line.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The values used have the same format as those used for the
|
|
|
|
|
V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> command, below. For now, a few examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Mf=mp+200 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will set the adjustment factor for <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> to that of <SPAN CLASS="textit">mp</SPAN>
|
|
|
|
|
plus 200%.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
And,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume mf=+20 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will increase the current <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> setting by 20%.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You might want to do these adjustment in your MMArc file(s).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H2><A NAME="SECTION001822000000000000000"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="volume-ratio"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Master Volume Ratio
|
|
|
|
|
</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses its master and track volumes to determine the final
|
|
|
|
|
velocity of a note. By default, the track volume setting accounts for
|
|
|
|
|
60% of the adjustment and the master volume for the remaining
|
|
|
|
|
40%. The simple-minded logic behind this is that if the user goes to
|
|
|
|
|
the effort of setting a volume for a track, then that is probably more
|
|
|
|
|
important than a volume set for the entire piece.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You can change the ratio used at anytime with the A<SMALL>DJUST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME
|
|
|
|
|
</SMALL>R<SMALL>ATIO=</SMALL><<SMALL>VALUE</SMALL>>
|
|
|
|
|
directive. <Value> is the percentage to use for
|
|
|
|
|
the <SPAN CLASS="textit">Track</SPAN> volume. A few examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=60 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
This duplicates the default setting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=40 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume adjustments use 40% of the track volume and 60% of the master
|
|
|
|
|
volume.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=100 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume adjustments use only the track volume (and ignore the master
|
|
|
|
|
volume completely).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume adjustments use only the master volume (and ignore the track
|
|
|
|
|
volumes completely).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Any value in the range 0 to 100 can be used as an argument for this
|
|
|
|
|
command. This setting is saved in G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> and D<SMALL>E</SMALL>C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> commands can give unexpected results,
|
|
|
|
|
depending on the value of the current ratio. For example, you might
|
|
|
|
|
think that you can fade to silence with a command like:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
However, since the ratio, by default, is set to 60 you are only
|
|
|
|
|
changing the master volume. Two ways you can fix this are:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
which changes the ratio. If you are also changing G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s you
|
|
|
|
|
might want to use:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AllGrooves AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
or, change the volumes for the master and tracks:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Alltracks Decresc m pppp 4
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Feel free to experiment with different ratios.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001830000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="volume"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The volume for a track and the master volume, is set with the
|
|
|
|
|
V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> command. Volumes can be specified much like standard
|
|
|
|
|
sheet music with the conventional dynamic names. These volumes can be
|
|
|
|
|
applied to a track or to the entire song. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Arpeggio-Piano Volume p </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
sets the volume for the Arpeggio-Piano track to something
|
|
|
|
|
approximating <SPAN CLASS="textit">piano</SPAN>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume f </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
sets the master volume to <SPAN CLASS="textit">forte</SPAN>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In most cases the volume for a specific track will be set within the
|
|
|
|
|
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL> definition; the master volume is used in the music file
|
|
|
|
|
to adjust the overall feel of the piece.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
When using V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> for a specific track, you can use a different
|
|
|
|
|
value for each bar in a sequence:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Drum Volume mp ff / ppp </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
A “/” can be used to repeat values.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In addition to the “musical symbols” like <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> and
|
|
|
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">mp</SPAN> you can also use numeric values to indicate a
|
|
|
|
|
percentage. In this case you can use intermediate values to those
|
|
|
|
|
specified in the table above. For example, to set the volume between
|
|
|
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">f</SPAN>, you could do something like:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume 87 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
But, we don't recommend that you use this!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
A better option is to increment or decrement an existing volume by a
|
|
|
|
|
percentage. A numeric value prefaced by a “+” or “-” is
|
|
|
|
|
interpreted as a change. So:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Drum-Snare Volume -20 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
would decrement the existing volume of the D<SMALL>RUM-</SMALL>S<SMALL>NARE</SMALL> track by
|
|
|
|
|
20%. If an adjustment creates a negative volume, the volume will be
|
|
|
|
|
set to 0 and a warning message will be displayed.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
And, finally, for fine tuning you can adjust a “musical symbol”
|
|
|
|
|
volume by a percentage. The volume “mf-10” will generate a volume
|
|
|
|
|
10% less than the value of “mf”; “f+20” will generate a volume
|
|
|
|
|
20% greater than “f”.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> volume adjustments are velocity adjustments. If a note has an
|
|
|
|
|
initial velocity of 127 you really can't make it louder. So, we
|
|
|
|
|
recommend that you start off notes with a middle-of-the-road velocity
|
|
|
|
|
setting (we use 90) which leaves room for
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> 's volume commands to
|
|
|
|
|
make adjustments.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001840000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="track-cresc"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Cresc and Decresc
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
If you wish to adjust the volume over one or more bars use the
|
|
|
|
|
C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> or D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html66"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot8036"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">5</SPAN></SUP></A> commands. These
|
|
|
|
|
commands work in both the master context and individual tracks.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For all practical purposes, the two commands are equivalent, except
|
|
|
|
|
for a possible warning message. If the new volume in less than the
|
|
|
|
|
current volume in a C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> a warning will be displayed; the
|
|
|
|
|
converse applies to a D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL>. In addition, a warning will be
|
|
|
|
|
displayed if the effect of either command results in no volume change.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The command requires two or three arguments. The first argument is an
|
|
|
|
|
optional initial volume followed by the new (destination) volume and
|
|
|
|
|
the number of bars the adjustment will take.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Cresc fff 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will gradually vary the master volume from its current setting to a
|
|
|
|
|
“triple forte” over the next 5 bars. Note that the very next bar
|
|
|
|
|
will be played at the current volume and the fifth bar at <SPAN CLASS="textit">fff</SPAN>
|
|
|
|
|
with the other three bars at increasing volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Similarly:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Drum-Snare Decresc mp 2 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
will decrease the “drum-snare” volume to “mezzo piano” over the
|
|
|
|
|
next 2 bars.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Finally, consider:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Cresc pp mf 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
which will set the current volume to <SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN> and then increase it
|
|
|
|
|
to <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> over the next 4 bars. Again, note that the very next
|
|
|
|
|
bar will be played at <SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN> and the fourth at <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN>.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
You can use numeric values (not recommended!) in these directives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B>Cresc 20 100 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
As well as increment/decrement:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume ff
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Decresc -10 -40 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The above example will first set the volume to 10% less than the
|
|
|
|
|
current <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> setting. Then it will decrease the volume over the
|
|
|
|
|
next 4 bars to a volume 40% less than the new setting for the first
|
|
|
|
|
bar.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
A S<SMALL>EQ</SMALL>C<SMALL>LEAR</SMALL> command will reset all track volumes to the default
|
|
|
|
|
<SMALL>M</SMALL>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
When applying C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> or D<SMALL>E</SMALL>C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> at the track level the
|
|
|
|
|
volumes for each bar in the sequence will end up being the same. For
|
|
|
|
|
example, assuming a two bar sequence length, you might have:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Chord Volume MP F </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
which alternates the volume between successive bars in the
|
|
|
|
|
C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL> track. Now, if you were to:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Chord Cresc M FF 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The following actions take effect:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<OL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>A warning message will be displayed,
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>The volume for the chord track will be set to <SPAN CLASS="textit">m</SPAN>,
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>The volume for the chord track will increment to <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN>
|
|
|
|
|
over the next four bars,
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>The volume for the sequence will end up being <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> for
|
|
|
|
|
all the bars in the remaining sequence. You may need to reissue the
|
|
|
|
|
initial chord volume command.
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You may find that certain volume adjustments don't create the volumes
|
|
|
|
|
you are expecting. In most cases this will be due to the fact that
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses a master and track volume to determine the final
|
|
|
|
|
result. So, if you want a fade at the end of a piece you might do:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
and find that the volume on the last bar is still too loud. There are
|
|
|
|
|
two simple solutions:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Add a command to decrease the track volumes. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Alltracks Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
in addition to to the master setting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Change the ratio between track and master settings:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
or some other small value.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
These methods will produce similar, but different results.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The adjustments made for C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> and D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> are applied
|
|
|
|
|
over each bar effected. This means that the first note or notes in a
|
|
|
|
|
bar will be louder (or softer) than the last. You can use this effect
|
|
|
|
|
for interesting changes by using a single bar for the range. Assuming
|
|
|
|
|
a current volume of <SPAN CLASS="textit">mp</SPAN>:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Cresc fff 1 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will set the final notes in the following bar to be <SPAN CLASS="textit">fff</SPAN>, etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
If you have a number of bars with the same chord and the track you are
|
|
|
|
|
modifying has U<SMALL>NIFY</SMALL> enabled the volume will not
|
|
|
|
|
change. U<SMALL>NIFY</SMALL> creates long notes sustained over a number of
|
|
|
|
|
bars for which the volume is only set once.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Sometimes a C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html67"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot8131"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">6</SPAN></SUP></A> command will span a groove change.
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> handles this in two different ways:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>Master C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> commands can continue over a new
|
|
|
|
|
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Groove One
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Cresc mp ff 8
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
C * 4
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Groove Two
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Dm * 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will work just fine. This makes sense since library files and groove
|
|
|
|
|
definitions normally do not have master volume settings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>However, volume changes at a track level cannot span
|
|
|
|
|
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL> changes. Using a similar example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Groove One
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Chord Cresc mp ff 8
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
C * 4
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Groove Two
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Dm * 4 </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
In this case
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> will truncate the C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> after 4 bars and
|
|
|
|
|
issue a warning message. The C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL> volume will never reach
|
|
|
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN>. Since groove definitions and library files normally do
|
|
|
|
|
set individual volumes for each track it would be counter intuitive
|
|
|
|
|
to permit a previous C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> to continue its effect.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001850000000000000000">
|
|
|
|
|
Swell</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Often you want a crescendo to be followed by a decrescendo (or, less
|
|
|
|
|
commonly, a decrescendo followed by a crescendo). Technically, this is
|
|
|
|
|
a <SPAN CLASS="textit">messa di voce</SPAN>.<A NAME="tex2html68"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="#foot8132"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">7</SPAN></SUP></A> You'll see the notation in sheet music with
|
|
|
|
|
opposed “hairpins”.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
A S<SMALL>WELL</SMALL> is set with a command like:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B>Swell pp ff 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Chord Swell ff 4 </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
In the first case the master volume will be increased over 2 bars from
|
|
|
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN> to <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> and then back to <SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN>. In the second
|
|
|
|
|
case the C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL> volume will be increased to <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> over 2
|
|
|
|
|
bars, then back to the original volume.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You can achieve the same results with a pair of C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> and
|
|
|
|
|
D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> commands (and you might be safer to do just this since
|
|
|
|
|
S<SMALL>WELL</SMALL> doesn't issue as many warnings).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Note that, just like in C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL>, you can skip the first argument
|
|
|
|
|
(the initial volume setting). Also, note that the final argument is
|
|
|
|
|
the total number of bars to effect (and it must be 2 or more).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001860000000000000000"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="rvolume"></A>
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
RVolume
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Not even the best musician can play each note at the same volume. Nor
|
|
|
|
|
would he or she want to--the result would be quite unmusical ...
|
|
|
|
|
so
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> tries to be a bit human by randomly adjusting note volume
|
|
|
|
|
with the R<SMALL>VOLUME</SMALL> command.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The command can be applied to any specific track. Examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Chord RVolume 10
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Drum-Snare RVolume 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The RV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> argument is a percentage value by which a volume is
|
|
|
|
|
adjusted. A setting of 0 disables the adjustment for a track (this is
|
|
|
|
|
the default).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
When set, the note velocity (after the track and master volume
|
|
|
|
|
adjustments) is randomized up or down by the value. Again, using the
|
|
|
|
|
above example, let us assume that a note in the current pattern gets a
|
|
|
|
|
MIDI velocity of 88. The random factor of 10 will adjust this by 10%
|
|
|
|
|
up or down--the new value can be from 78 to 98.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
The idea behind this is to give the track a more human sounding
|
|
|
|
|
effect. You can use large values, but it's not recommended. Usually,
|
|
|
|
|
values in the 5 to 10 range work well. You might want slightly larger
|
|
|
|
|
values for drum tracks.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
You can further fine-tune the RV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> settings by using a minimum and
|
|
|
|
|
maximum value in the form M<SMALL>INIMUM,</SMALL>M<SMALL>AXIMUM</SMALL>. Note the
|
|
|
|
|
<SMALL>COMMA</SMALL>! For example:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B>Chord RVolume 0,10 -10,0 -10,20 8 </B>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Would set different minimum and maximum adjustment values for different sequence
|
|
|
|
|
points. In the above example the adjustments would be in the range 0 to
|
|
|
|
|
10, -10 to 0, -10 to 20 and -8 to 8.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>No generated value will be out of the valid MIDI velocity range
|
|
|
|
|
of 1 to 127.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>A different value can be used for each bar in a sequence:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Scale RVolume 5,10 0 / 20 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>A “/” can be used to repeat values.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001870000000000000000">
|
|
|
|
|
Saving and Restoring Volumes</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Dynamics can get quite complicated, especially when you are adjusting
|
|
|
|
|
the volumes of a track inside a repeat or other complicated sections
|
|
|
|
|
of music. In this section attempts to give some general guidelines and
|
|
|
|
|
hints.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For the most part, the supplied groove files will have balanced
|
|
|
|
|
volumes between the different instruments. If you find that some
|
|
|
|
|
instruments or drum tones are consistently too loud or soft, spend
|
|
|
|
|
some time with the chapter on <A HREF="node23.html#finetuning">Fine Tuning</A>.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Remember that G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s save all the current volume settings.
|
|
|
|
|
This includes the master setting as well as individual track settings.
|
|
|
|
|
So, if you are using the mythical groove “Wonderful” and think that
|
|
|
|
|
the <SPAN CLASS="textit">Chord-Piano</SPAN> volume should be louder in a particular song
|
|
|
|
|
it's easy to do something like:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Groove Wonderful
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Chord-Piano Volume ff
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
DefGroove Wonderful </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Now, when you call this groove the new volume will be used. Note that
|
|
|
|
|
you'll have to do this for each variation of the groove that you use
|
|
|
|
|
in the song.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
In most songs you will not need to do major changes. But, it is nice
|
|
|
|
|
to use the same volume each time though a section. In most cases
|
|
|
|
|
you'll want to do a explicit setting at the start of a section. For
|
|
|
|
|
example:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<B>Repeat
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
Volume mf
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Cresc ff 5
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
EndRepeat </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Another useful technique is the use of the $_L<SMALL>AST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL>
|
|
|
|
|
macro. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume pp
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Cresc f 5
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> $_LastVolume // restores to pp </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
<DL>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot7937">... created.</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html62"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>We'll try to be consistent and refer to a
|
|
|
|
|
MIDI “volume” as a “velocity” and internal
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> adjustments to
|
|
|
|
|
velocity as volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot7948">...sec-pats,</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html63"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>Solo and
|
|
|
|
|
Melody track notes use an initial velocity of 90.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot7949">... settings</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html64"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>Please don't confuse the concept of
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> master
|
|
|
|
|
and track volumes with MIDI channel volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot7974">... musicians”,</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html65"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>as opposed to mechanical.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot8036">...D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL></A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html66"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">5</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>We use the term
|
|
|
|
|
“decrescendo”, others prefer “diminuendo”.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot8131">...C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL></A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html67"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">6</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>This applies to D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> and
|
|
|
|
|
S<SMALL>WELL</SMALL> as well.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot8132">... voce.</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node18.html#tex2html68"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">18</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">7</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>Some references indicate that
|
|
|
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">messa di voce</SPAN> applies to a single tone, and
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> is not
|
|
|
|
|
capable of doing this.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
</DL>
|
2009-05-17 22:34:44 +00:00
|
|
|
<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<!--Navigation Panel-->
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html671"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="node19.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html669"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="mma.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html663"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="node17.html">
|
|
|
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html672"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node19.html">Repeats</A>
|
|
|
|
|
<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html670"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html664"
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node17.html">Swing</A></DIV>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
|
|
|
|
|
<ADDRESS>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
bob
|
2011-07-26 22:49:39 +00:00
|
|
|
2010-11-07
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
</ADDRESS>
|
|
|
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
|
|
|
</HTML>
|
