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original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
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* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
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* with significant contributions from:
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Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
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<HEAD>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<TITLE>Repeats</TITLE>
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<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Repeats">
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<!--Navigation Panel-->
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html576"
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HREF="node18.html">Variables, Conditionals and Jumps</A>
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html574"
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HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html568"
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HREF="node16.html">Volume and Dynamics</A>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001700000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="sec-repeat"></A>
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<BR>
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Repeats
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</H1>
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<P>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> attempts to be as comfortable to use as standard sheet music.
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This includes <I>repeats</I> and <I>endings</I>.
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<P>
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More complex structures like <I>D.S.</I>, <I>Coda</I>, etc. are
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<I>not</I> directly supported. But, they are easily simulated with by
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using some simple variables, conditionals and G<SMALL>OTO</SMALL>s. See
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<A HREF="node18.html#sec-variables">Variables</A> for details.
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Often as not, it may be easier to use your editor to cut, paste and
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duplicate. Another, alternate, method of handling complicated repeats
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is to set sections of code in M<SMALL>SET</SMALL> (<A HREF="node18.html#sec-mset">more
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here</A>) variables and simply expand those.
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<P>
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A section of music to be repeated is indicated with a R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>
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and R<SMALL>EPEATEND</SMALL> or E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html57"
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HREF="#foot7017"><SUP>17.1</SUP></A> In addition, you can have R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDINGS</SMALL>.
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<P>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="#efefef" Border=3>
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<tr><td Align="CENTER" BGColor="White">
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<B><FONT SIZE="+2">Repeats</FONT></B> <A NAME="eg-repeat"></A>
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</tr> </td>
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<tr> <td >
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<P>
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<IMG WIDTH="95%" SRC="mupex/repeat.png" ALT="Lost Image">
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<BR>
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<BR>
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<BR>
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<BR>
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<P>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Repeat
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<BR>
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1 Am
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<BR>
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2 C
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<BR>
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RepeatEnding 2
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<BR>
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3 D7
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<BR>
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RepeatEnding
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<BR>
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4 D7 / Dm
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<BR>
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RepeatEnd
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<BR>
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5 G7
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<BR>
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6 A </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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</td> </tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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<P>
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In <A HREF="#eg-repeat">this example</A>
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> produces
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music with bars:
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<P>
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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1, 2, 3,
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<BR>
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1, 2, 3,
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<BR>
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1, 2, 4,
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<BR>
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1, 2, 5, 6
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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This works just like standard sheet music. Note that both
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R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> and R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> can take an optional argument
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indicating the number of times to use the ending or to repeat the
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block. The effect of an optional count for R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> is
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illustrated in the example, above. The following simple example:
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<P>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Repeat
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<BR>
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1 Am
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<BR>
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2 Cm
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<BR>
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RepeatEnd 3 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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Will expand to:
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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1, 2,
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<BR>
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1, 2,
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<BR>
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1, 2
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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Note that the optional argument ``3'' produces a total of three
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copies. The default argument for R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> is ``2''. Using ``1''
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cancels the R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> and ``0'' deletes the entire section. Using
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``1'' and ``0'' are useful in setting up Coda sections where you want
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a different count the second time the section is played. Note that the
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count argument can be a macro. Have a look at the sample file
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<TT><B>repeats.mma</B></TT> for lots of examples.
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<P>
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Combining optional counts with both R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> and
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R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> is permitted. Another example:
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<P>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Repeat
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<BR>
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1 Am
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<BR>
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2 C
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<BR>
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RepeatEnding 2
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<BR>
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3 D7
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<BR>
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RepeatEnd 2 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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Produces:
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<BLOCKQUOTE>
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1, 2, 3,
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<BR>
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1, 2, 3,
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<BR>
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1, 2,
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<BR>
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1, 2
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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</BLOCKQUOTE>
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<P>
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> processes repeats by reading the input file and creating
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duplicates of the repeated material. This means that a directive in
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the repeated material would be processed multiple times. Unless you
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know what you are doing, directives should not be inserted in repeat
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sections. Be especially careful if you define a pattern inside a
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repeat. Using T<SMALL>EMPO</SMALL> with a ``+'' or ``-'' will be problematic
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as well.
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<P>
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Repeats can be nested to any level.
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<P>
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Some count values for R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> or E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> and
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R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL> will generate a warning message. Using the
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optional text <I>NoWarn</I> as the first argument will supress the
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message:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Repeat
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<BR>...
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<BR>
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RepeatEnd Nowarn 1 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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There must be one R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> or E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> for every
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R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>. Any number of R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>NDING</SMALL>s can be included
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before the R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>.
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<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
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<DL>
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<DT><A NAME="foot7017">...E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL></A><A
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HREF="node17.html#tex2html57"><SUP>17.1</SUP></A></DT>
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<DD>The reason for both
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E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL> and R<SMALL>EPEAT</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> is to match I<SMALL>F</SMALL>E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> and
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E<SMALL>ND</SMALL>I<SMALL>F</SMALL>.
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