2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
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* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
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* with significant contributions from:
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Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
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<HEAD>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<TITLE>Volume and Dynamics</TITLE>
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2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html558"
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HREF="node17.html">Repeats</A>
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html556"
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HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html550"
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HREF="node15.html">Swing</A>
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<BR>
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<BR>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<!--Table of Child-Links-->
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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html559"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001610000000000000000">Accent</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html560"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001620000000000000000">AdjustVolume</A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html561"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001621000000000000000">Mnemonic Volume Ratios</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html562"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001622000000000000000">Master Volume Ratio</A>
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</UL>
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<BR>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html563"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001630000000000000000">Volume</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html564"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001640000000000000000">Cresc and Decresc</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html565"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001650000000000000000">RVolume</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html566"
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HREF="node16.html#SECTION001660000000000000000">Saving and Restoring Volumes</A>
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</UL>
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<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001600000000000000000"></A>
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<A NAME="sec-volume"></A>
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<BR>
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Volume and Dynamics
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</H1>
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<P>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> is very versatile when it comes to the volumes or dynamics used in your song.
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<A NAME="tex2html54"
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HREF="#foot6388"><SUP>16.1</SUP></A>
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<P>
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Each generated note goes though several adjustments:
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<P>
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<OL>
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<LI>The initial velocity is set in the pattern definition, see
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<A HREF="node4.html#sec-pats">patterns</A>,<A NAME="tex2html55"
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HREF="#foot6394"><SUP>16.2</SUP></A>
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>the velocity is then adjusted by the master and
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track volume settings (see <A HREF="#volume-ratio">here</A>
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for the discussion of A<SMALL>DJUST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME </SMALL>RATIO),
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>if certain notes are to be accented, yet another adjustment is made,
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>and, finally, if the random volume is set, more adjustment.
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<P>
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</LI>
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</OL>
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<P>
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For the most part
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses conventional musical score notation for
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volumes. Internally, the dynamic name is converted to a percentage
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value. The note volume is adjusted by the percentage.
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<P>
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The following table shows the available volume settings and the adjustment values.
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<P>
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<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
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<Table CellSpacing=0 Width="80%" Align="Center" CellPadding=10 BGColor="#dddddd" Border=3>
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<tr> <td>
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<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><I>Symbolic Name</I></TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><I>Ratio (Percentage) Adjustment</I></TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">off</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">0</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pppp</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">5</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ppp</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">10</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pp</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">25</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">p</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">40</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mp</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">70</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">m</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">100</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mf</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">110</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">f</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">130</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ff</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">160</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">fff</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">180</TD>
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</TR>
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<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ffff</TD>
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<TD ALIGN="LEFT">200</TD>
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</TR>
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</TABLE>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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</DIV>
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<P>
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The setting O<SMALL>FF</SMALL> is useful for generating fades at the end of a
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piece. For example:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Volume ff
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<BR>
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Decresc Off 5
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<BR>
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G / Gm / * 5 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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will cause the last 5 bars of your music to fade from a <SMALL>FF</SMALL> to
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silence.
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<P>
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The initial velocity of a note is set in the pattern definition (see
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<A HREF="node4.html#sec-pats">patterns</A>). The following
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commands set the master volume, track volume and random volume
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adjustments.
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<P>
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In addition to the note velocities generated by
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> your MIDI
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device can also change the mix between channels. See the discussion
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for MIDIV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> (<A HREF="node19.html#channelvol">here</A>).
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001610000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="accent"></A>
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<BR>
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Accent
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</H1>
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<P>
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``Real musicians''<A NAME="tex2html56"
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HREF="#foot6424"><SUP>16.3</SUP></A>, in an almost
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automatic manner, emphasize notes on certain beats. In popular Western
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music written in <B>4/4</B> time this is usually beats one and
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three. This emphasis sets the pulse or beat in a piece.
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<P>
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In
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> you can set the velocities in a pattern so that this emphasis is
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automatically adjusted. For example, when setting a walking bass line
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pattern you could use a pattern definition like:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Define Walk W1234 1 4 100; 2 4 70; 3 4 80; 4 4 70 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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However, it is much easier to use a definition which has all the
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velocities the same:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Define Walk W1234 1 1 90 * 4 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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and use the A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL> command to increase or decrease the volume
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of notes on certain beats:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Walk Accent 1 20 2 -10 4 -10 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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The above command will increase the volume for walking bass notes on
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beat 1 by 20%, and decrease the volumes of notes on beats 2 and 4 by
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10%.
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<P>
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You can use this command in all tracks.
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<P>
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When specifying the accents, you must have matching pairs of data. The
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first item in the pair is the beat (which can be fractional), the
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second is the volume adjustment. This is a percentage of the current
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note volume that is added (or subtracted) to the volume. Adjustment
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factors must be integers in the range -100 to 100.
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<P>
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The A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL>s can apply to all bars in a track; as well, you can set
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different accents for different bars. Just use a ``{}'' pair to delimit
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each bar. For example:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Bass Accent {1 20} / / {1 30 3 30} </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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|
<P>
|
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|
|
The above line will set an accent on beat 1 of bars 1, 2 and 3; in
|
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|
|
bar 4 beats 1 and 3 will be accented.
|
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|
|
<P>
|
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|
|
You can use a ``/'' to repeat a setting. The ``/'' can be enclosed in
|
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|
|
|
a ``{}'' delimiter if you want.
|
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|
|
<P>
|
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|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001620000000000000000">
|
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|
|
AdjustVolume</A>
|
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|
|
</H1>
|
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<P>
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|
|
<H2><A NAME="SECTION001621000000000000000">
|
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|
|
Mnemonic Volume Ratios</A>
|
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|
|
</H2>
|
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|
<P>
|
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|
|
The ratios used to adjust the volume can be changed from the table at
|
|
|
|
|
the start of this chapter. For example, to change the percentage used
|
|
|
|
|
for the <SMALL>MF</SMALL> setting:
|
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|
|
<P>
|
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|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
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|
|
<tr><td>
|
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|
|
<B>AdjustVolume MF=95 f=120 </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
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|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
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|
|
</Table>
|
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|
<P>
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|
|
Note that you can have multiple setting on the same line.
|
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|
<P>
|
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|
|
The values used have the same format as those used for the
|
|
|
|
|
V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> command, below. For now, a few examples:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
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|
|
<P>
|
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|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
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|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
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|
|
<tr><td>
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|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Mf=mp+200 </B>
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|
</td></tr>
|
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|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
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|
|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
will set the adjustment factor for ``mf'' to that of ``mp'' plus
|
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|
|
200%.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
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|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
And,
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
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|
|
<P>
|
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|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
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|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume mf=+20 </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
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|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will increase the current ``mf'' setting by 20%.
|
|
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|
|
<P>
|
|
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|
|
You might want to do these adjustment in your MMArc file(s).
|
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|
|
<P>
|
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|
|
<H2><A NAME="SECTION001622000000000000000"></A>
|
|
|
|
|
<A NAME="volume-ratio"></A>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
Master Volume Ratio
|
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|
|
|
</H2>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
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|
|
|
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|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses both the master and track volumes
|
|
|
|
|
to determine the final velocity of a note. By default, the track volume
|
|
|
|
|
setting accounts for 60% of the adjustment and the master volume for
|
|
|
|
|
the remaining 40%. The simple-minded logic behind this is that if the
|
|
|
|
|
user goes to the effort of setting a volume for a track, then that is
|
|
|
|
|
probably more important than a volume set for the entire piece.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You can change the ratio used at anytime with the A<SMALL>DJUST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME </SMALL>R<SMALL>ATIO=</SMALL>VALUE</SMALL></SMALL>
|
|
|
|
|
directive. <IMG
|
|
|
|
|
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
|
|
|
|
|
SRC="img3.png"
|
|
|
|
|
ALT="$<$">Value<IMG
|
|
|
|
|
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
|
|
|
|
|
SRC="img4.png"
|
|
|
|
|
ALT="$>$"> is the percentage to use for the <I>Track</I> volume. A few examples:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=60 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
This duplicates the default setting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=40 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume adjustments use 40% of the track volume and 60% of the master
|
|
|
|
|
volume.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=100 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume adjustments use only the track volume (and ignore the master
|
|
|
|
|
volume completely).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume adjustments use only the master volume (and ignore the track
|
|
|
|
|
volumes completely).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Any value in the range 0 to 100 can be used as an argument for this
|
|
|
|
|
command. This setting is saved in G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Feel free to experiment with different ratios.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001630000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="volume"></A>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
Volume
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The volume for a track and the master volume, is set with the V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL>
|
|
|
|
|
command. Volumes can be specified much like standard sheet music with
|
|
|
|
|
the conventional dynamic names. These volumes can be applied to a
|
|
|
|
|
track or to the entire song. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Arpeggio-Piano Volume p </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
sets the volume for the Arpeggio-Piano track to something approximating
|
|
|
|
|
<I>piano</I>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume f </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
sets the master volume to <I>forte</I>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In most cases the volume for a specific track will be set within the G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>
|
|
|
|
|
definition; the master volume is used in the music file to adjust the
|
|
|
|
|
overall feel of the piece.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
When using V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> for a specific track, you can use a different
|
|
|
|
|
value for each bar in a sequence:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Drum Volume mp ff / ppp </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
A ``/'' can be used to repeat values.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In addition to the ``musical symbols'' like <SMALL>FF</SMALL> and <SMALL>MP</SMALL> you can
|
|
|
|
|
also use numeric values to indicate a percentage. In this case you can
|
|
|
|
|
use intermediate values to those specified in the table above. For
|
|
|
|
|
example, to set the volume between <SMALL>MF</SMALL> and <SMALL>F</SMALL>, you could do
|
|
|
|
|
something like:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume 87 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
But, we don't recommend that you use this!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
A better option is to increment or decrement an existing volume by a
|
|
|
|
|
percentage. A numeric value prefaced by a ``+'' or ``-'' is
|
|
|
|
|
interpreted as a change. So:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Drum-Snare Volume -20 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
would decrement the existing volume of the D<SMALL>RUM-</SMALL>S<SMALL>NARE</SMALL> track by
|
|
|
|
|
20%.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
And, finally, for fine tuning you can adjust a ``musical symbol''
|
|
|
|
|
volume by a percentage. The volume ``mf-10'' will generate a volume
|
|
|
|
|
10% less than the value of ``mf''; ``f+20'' will generate a volume
|
|
|
|
|
20% greater than ``f''.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001640000000000000000">
|
|
|
|
|
Cresc and Decresc</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
If you wish to adjust over a series of bars use the C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> or
|
|
|
|
|
D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> commands. These commands work in both the master
|
|
|
|
|
context and individual tracks.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For all practical purposes, the two commands are equivalent, expect
|
|
|
|
|
for a possible warning message. If the new volume in less than the
|
|
|
|
|
current volume in a C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> a warning will be displayed; the
|
|
|
|
|
converse applies to a D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL>. In addition, a warning will
|
|
|
|
|
be displayed if the effect of either command results in no volume change.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The command requires two or three arguments. The first argument is an
|
|
|
|
|
optional initial volume followed by the new (destination) volume and
|
|
|
|
|
the number of bars the adjustment will take.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Cresc fff 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will gradually vary the master volume from its current setting to a
|
|
|
|
|
``triple forte'' over the next 5 bars. Note that the very next bar
|
|
|
|
|
will be played at the current volume and the fifth bar at <I>fff</I>
|
|
|
|
|
with the other three bars at increasing volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Similarly:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Drum-Snare Decresc mp 2 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
will decrease the ``drum-snare'' volume to ``mezzo piano'' over the next 2 bars.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Finally, consider:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Cresc pp mf 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
which will set the current volume to <SMALL>PP</SMALL> and then increase it to
|
|
|
|
|
<SMALL>MF</SMALL> over the next 4 bars. Again, note that the very next bar
|
|
|
|
|
will be played at <I>pp</I> and the fourth at <I>mf</I>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
You can use numeric values (not recommended!) in these directives:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Cresc 20 100 4 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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As well as increment/decrement:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Volume ff
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<BR> ...
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2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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<BR>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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Decresc -10 -40 4 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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The above example will first set the volume to 10% less than the
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current <SMALL>FF</SMALL> setting. Then it will decrease the volume over the next
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4 bars to a volume 40% less than the new setting for the first bar.
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<P>
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A S<SMALL>EQ</SMALL>C<SMALL>LEAR</SMALL> command will reset all track volumes to the default
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<SMALL>M</SMALL>.
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<P>
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When applying C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> or D<SMALL>E</SMALL>C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> on a specific track the
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volume for all the sequences will be the same. For this reason, a
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warning is displayed if the volumes for each bar in the current
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sequence are not the same.
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<P>
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You may find that certain volume adjustments don't create the volumes
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you are expecting. In most cases this will be due to the fact that
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses a master and track volume to determine the final
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result. So, if you want a fade at the end of a piece you might do:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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and find that the volume on the last bar is still too loud. There are
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two simple solutions:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>Add a command to decrease the track volumes. For example:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Alltracks Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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in addition to to the master setting.
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>Change the ratio between track and master settings:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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or some other small value.
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<P>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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These methods will produce similar, but different results.
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<P>
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|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001650000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="rvolume"></A>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
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|
<BR>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
RVolume
|
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|
</H1>
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<P>
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|
Not even the best musician can play each note at the same volume. Nor
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|
|
would he or she want to--the result would be quite unmusical ...
|
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|
so
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|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> tries to be a bit human by randomly adjusting note volume
|
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|
|
with the R<SMALL>VOLUME</SMALL> command.
|
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|
<P>
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|
The command can be applied to any specific track. Examples:
|
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|
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|
<P>
|
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|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
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|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Chord RVolume 10
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
Drum-Snare RVolume 5 </B>
|
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|
|
</td></tr>
|
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|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The RV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> argument is a percentage value by which a volume is
|
|
|
|
|
adjusted. A setting of 0 disables the adjustment for a track (this is
|
|
|
|
|
the default).
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
When set, the note velocity (after the track and master volume
|
|
|
|
|
adjustments) is randomized up or down by the value. Again, using the
|
|
|
|
|
above example, let us assume that a note in the current pattern gets a
|
|
|
|
|
MIDI velocity of 88. The random factor of 10 will adjust this by 10%
|
|
|
|
|
up or down--the new value can be from 78 to 98.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
The idea behind this is to give the track a more human sounding
|
|
|
|
|
effect. You can use large values, but it's not recommended. Usually,
|
|
|
|
|
values in the 5 to 10 range work well. You might want slightly larger
|
|
|
|
|
values for drum tracks. Using a value greater than 30 will generate a
|
|
|
|
|
warning message.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
Notes:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>No generated value will be out of the valid MIDI velocity range
|
|
|
|
|
of 1 to 127.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>A different value can be used for each bar in a sequence:
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Scale RVolume 10 0 / 20 </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
<LI>A ``/'' can be used to repeat values.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
|
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001660000000000000000">
|
|
|
|
|
Saving and Restoring Volumes</A>
|
|
|
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Dynamics can get quite complicated, especially when you are adjusting
|
|
|
|
|
the volumes of a track inside a repeat or other complicated sections
|
|
|
|
|
of music. In this section attempts to give some general
|
|
|
|
|
guidelines and hints.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
For the most part, the supplied groove files will have balanced
|
|
|
|
|
volumes between the different instruments. If you find that some
|
|
|
|
|
instruments or drum tones are consistently too loud or soft, spend some
|
|
|
|
|
time with the chapter on <A HREF="node20.html#finetuning">Fine Tuning</A>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Remember that G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s save all the current volume settings.
|
|
|
|
|
This includes the master setting as well as individual track settings.
|
|
|
|
|
So, if you are using the mythical groove ``Wonderful'' and think that
|
|
|
|
|
the <I>Chord-Piano</I> volume should be louder in a particular song
|
|
|
|
|
it's easy to do something like:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Groove Wonderful
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Chord-Piano Volume ff
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
DefGroove Wonderful </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Now, when you call this groove the new volume will be used. Note that
|
|
|
|
|
you'll have to do this for each variation of the groove that you use
|
|
|
|
|
in the song.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
In most songs you will not need to do major changes. But, it is nice
|
|
|
|
|
to use the same volume each time though a section. In most cases
|
|
|
|
|
you'll want to do a explicit setting at the start of a section. For
|
|
|
|
|
example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Repeat
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Volume mf
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ....
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Cresc ff 5
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
<BR>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
EndRepeat </B>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
Another useful technique is the use of the $_L<SMALL>AST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL>
|
|
|
|
|
macro. For example:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
|
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
|
|
|
<B>Volume pp
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
|
|
|
<BR>
|
|
|
|
|
Cresc f 5
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
|
|
|
<BR> $_LastVolume // restores to pp </B>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
|
|
|
</Table>
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
|
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
|
|
|
|
|
<DL>
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6388">... song.</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node16.html#tex2html54"><SUP>16.1</SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>We'll try to be consistent and refer to a MIDI
|
|
|
|
|
``volume'' as a ``velocity'' and internal
|
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> adjustments to velocity as volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6394">...sec-pats,</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node16.html#tex2html55"><SUP>16.2</SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>Solo and
|
|
|
|
|
Melody track notes use an initial velocity of 90.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6424">... musicians''</A><A
|
|
|
|
|
HREF="node16.html#tex2html56"><SUP>16.3</SUP></A></DT>
|
|
|
|
|
<DD>as opposed to mechanical.
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
|
|
|
</DL><HR>
|
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|
<!--Navigation Panel-->
|
2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<A NAME="tex2html557"
|
2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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HREF="node17.html">
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<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
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<A NAME="tex2html555"
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HREF="mma.html">
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<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
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HREF="node15.html">
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<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
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<BR>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html558"
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HREF="node17.html">Repeats</A>
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html556"
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2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html550"
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HREF="node15.html">Swing</A>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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<ADDRESS>
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2007-04-29 06:47:40 +00:00
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bob
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2007-03-07
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2006-11-10 08:07:56 +00:00
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