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<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2008 (1.71)
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original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
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* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
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* with significant contributions from:
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Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
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<HTML>
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<TITLE>Swing</TITLE>
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<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Swing">
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<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="mma">
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HREF="node18.html">Volume and Dynamics</A>
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HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
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HREF="node16.html">Tempo and Timing</A>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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<!--Table of Child-Links-->
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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
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<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html658"
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HREF="node17.html#SECTION001710000000000000000">Skew</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html659"
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HREF="node17.html#SECTION001720000000000000000">Accent</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html660"
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HREF="node17.html#SECTION001730000000000000000">Delay</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html661"
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HREF="node17.html#SECTION001740000000000000000">Notes</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html662"
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HREF="node17.html#SECTION001750000000000000000">Summary</A>
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</UL>
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<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001700000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="swingmode"></A>
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<BR>
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Swing
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</H1>
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<P>
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In jazz and swing music there is a convention to apply special timing
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to eighth notes. Normally, the first of a pair of eights is lengthened
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and the second is shortened. In the sheet music this can is sometimes
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notated as sequences of a dotted eighth followed by a sixteenth. But,
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if you were to foolish enough to play the song with this timing you'd
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get a funny look from a jazz musician who will tell you to “swing”
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the notes.
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<P>
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The easiest way to think about swing eighths is to mentally convert
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them to a triplet consisting of a quarter note and and eighth.
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<P>
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<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
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<IMG WIDTH="75%" SRC="mupex/swingconv.png" ALT="Lost Image">
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</DIV>
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<P>
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In the above music the first shows “straight eights”, the second
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“dotted eight, sixteenths”, and the third a rough indication of how
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the first line would be played in “swing”. It all depends on the
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style of music ... if we are playing a classical piece the first line
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would have eight notes of the same length, and the second line would
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have a sixteenth note one third the length of the dotted eights. In
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contemporary music it might be that way ... or either or both could
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be played as the third line.
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<P>
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> can handle this musical style in a number of ways, the control
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is though the S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> command and options.
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<P>
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In default mode
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> assumes that you don't want your song to swing.
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<P>
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To enable automatic conversions, simply set S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> to
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“on”:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>SwingMode On </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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This directive accepts the value “On” and “Off” or “1” and
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“0”.
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<P>
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With S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> enabled
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> takes some extra steps when
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creating patterns and processing of S<SMALL>OLO</SMALL> and M<SMALL>ELODY</SMALL>
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parts.
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>Any eighth note in a pattern “on the beat” (1, 2, etc.) is
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converted to a “81” note.
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>Any eighth note in a pattern “off the beat” (1.5, 2.5, etc.)
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is converted to “82” note, and the offset is adjusted to the prior
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beat plus the value of an “81” note.
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>Drum notes with a value of a single MIDI tick are handled in the
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same way, but only the offset adjustment is needed.
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>In S<SMALL>OLO</SMALL> and M<SMALL>ELODY</SMALL> tracks any successive pairs of
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eighth notes (or rests) are adjusted.
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<P>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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<SPAN CLASS="textit">Important:</SPAN> when defining patterns and sequences remember that
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the adjustment is made when the pattern is compiled. With a
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D<SMALL>EFINE</SMALL> command the arguments are compiled (and swing will be
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applied). But a S<SMALL>EQUENCE</SMALL> command with an already defined
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pattern will use the existing pattern values (the swing adjustment may
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or may not have been done at define time). Finally, if you have a
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dynamic define in the sequence the adjustment will take place if
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needed.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001710000000000000000">
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Skew</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> has an additional option, S<SMALL>KEW</SMALL>. This factor is
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used to create the “81” and “82” note lengths (see
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<A HREF="node4.html#notelength">here</A>). By default the value
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“66” is used. This simply means that the note length “81” is
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assigned 66% of the value of an eight note, and “82” is assigned
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34%.
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<P>
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You can change this setting at any point in your song or style
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files. It will take effect immediately on all future patterns and solo
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lines.
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<P>
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The setting:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>SwingMode Skew=60 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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will set a 60/40 setting.
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<P>
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If you want to experiment, find a G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL> with note lengths of
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“81” and “82” (“swing” is as good a choice as any). Now, put a
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S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE </SMALL>S<SMALL>KEW=</SMALL>V<SMALL>ALUE</SMALL> directive at the top of your song file
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(before selecting any G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s). Compile and play the song with
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different values to hear the effects.
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<P>
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If you want to play with different effects you could do something like
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this:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>SwingMode On Skew=40
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<BR> ... Set CHORD pattern/groove
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<BR>
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SwingMode Skew=30
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<BR> ... Set Drum-1 pattern/groove
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<BR>
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SwingMode Skew=whatever
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<BR> ... Set Drum-2 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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This will give different rates for different tracks. I'll probably not
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enjoy your results, but I play polkas on the accordion for fun.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001720000000000000000">
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Accent</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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It's natural for musicians to emphasize swing notes by making the
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first (the longer one) a bit louder than the second. By default
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses the internal/default volumes for both notes. However, you can
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change this with the A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL> option. The option takes a pair of
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values joined by a single comma. The first value sets the percentage
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change for the “on-the-beat” notes; the second set the adjustment
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for the “off-the-beat” notes. For example:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Swingmode On Accent=110,80 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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will apply changes of 110% and 80% to the volumes. Use of this
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option will create more natural sounding tracks.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001730000000000000000">
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Delay</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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By default, the logic for setting the start positions of each note generated by
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S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> is that the first note of the pair doesn't move and
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the second is set at the duration of a “81” note from the first
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(remember, “81” is set by the S<SMALL>KEW</SMALL> value).
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<P>
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However, you can move either or both notes forward to backwards with
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the D<SMALL>ELAY</SMALL> option. This option takes 2 arguments (a comma pair)
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with the first setting a delay for the first note and the second a
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delay for the second. The delays can be negative, in which case the
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note would be sounded early. The values represent MIDI ticks and must
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be in the range -20 ... +20.
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<P>
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Example:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Swingmode On Delay=5,0 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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would push the first note of each pair just past the beat.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001740000000000000000">
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Notes</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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So far in this section we have assumed that all swing notes are eight
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note pairs. But, you can also set the function to work over sixteenth
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notes as well:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Swingmode On Notes=16 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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The only permitted values for N<SMALL>OTES</SMALL> are “8” (the default) and
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“16”. This is, probably, only useful in very slow tempo settings.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001750000000000000000">
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Summary</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> is a <SPAN CLASS="textit">Global</SPAN> setting which functions are
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patterns and solo note sequences are defined or created. This can be
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confusing ... you can't take an existing G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL> and just do a
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S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> after calling it up ... the command will have no
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effect. Instead, you'll have modify the actual library code. Or write
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your own.
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<P>
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The complete S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> setting is saved in the current
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G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL> and can be accessed via the $_S<SMALL>WING</SMALL>M<SMALL>ODE</SMALL> built-in
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macro.
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<P>
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The easy (and ugly and unintuitive) way to handle swing is to
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hard-code the value right into your patterns. For example, you could
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set a swing chord pattern with:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Chord Define Swing8 1 3+3 80; 1.33 3 80; 2 3+3 80; 2.33 3 80
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...</B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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We really don't recommend this for the simple reason that the swing
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rate is frozen as quarter/eighth triplets.
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<P>
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If you refer to the table of note lengths
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(<A HREF="node4.html#notelength">here</A>) you will find the cryptic
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values of “81” and “82”. These notes are adjusted depending on the
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S<SMALL>WING </SMALL>S<SMALL>KEW</SMALL> value. So:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Chord Define Swing8 1 81 80; 1+81 82 80; 2 81 80; 2+81 82 80
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...</B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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is a bit better. In this case we have set a chord on beat 1 as the
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first of an eighth note, and a chord on the off-beat as the
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second. Note how we specify the off-beats as “1+81”, etc.
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<P>
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In this example the feel of the swing will vary with the
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S<SMALL>WING </SMALL>S<SMALL>KEW</SMALL> setting.
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<P>
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But, aren't computers supposed to make life simple? Well, here is our
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recommended method:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>SwingMode On
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<BR>
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Chord Define Swing8 1 8 80; 1.5 8 80; 2 8 80; 2.5 8 80 ...</B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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Now,
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> will convert the values for you. Magic, well ...
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almost.
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<P>
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There are times when you will need to be more explicit, especially in
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S<SMALL>OLO</SMALL> and M<SMALL>ELODY</SMALL> tracks:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>If a bar has both swing and straight eighths.
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>If the note following an eighth is not an eighth.
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<P>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<BR>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html657"
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HREF="node18.html">Volume and Dynamics</A>
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html655"
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HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html649"
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HREF="node16.html">Tempo and Timing</A></DIV>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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<ADDRESS>
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bob
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2010-11-07
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</ADDRESS>
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</HTML>
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