mirror of
https://github.com/microtherion/VocalEasel.git
synced 2024-12-23 03:34:00 +00:00
1142 lines
30 KiB
HTML
1142 lines
30 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
|
|
|
|
<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
|
|
original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
|
|
* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
|
|
* with significant contributions from:
|
|
Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
|
|
<HTML>
|
|
<HEAD>
|
|
<TITLE>Volume and Dynamics</TITLE>
|
|
<META NAME="description" CONTENT="Volume and Dynamics">
|
|
<META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="mma">
|
|
<META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document">
|
|
<META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global">
|
|
|
|
<META NAME="Generator" CONTENT="LaTeX2HTML v2002-2-1">
|
|
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Style-Type" CONTENT="text/css">
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="STYLESHEET" HREF="mma.css">
|
|
|
|
<LINK REL="next" HREF="node18.html">
|
|
<LINK REL="previous" HREF="node16.html">
|
|
<LINK REL="up" HREF="mma.html">
|
|
<LINK REL="next" HREF="node18.html">
|
|
</HEAD>
|
|
|
|
<BODY bgcolor="#ffffff">
|
|
|
|
<DIV CLASS="navigation"><!--Navigation Panel-->
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html597"
|
|
HREF="node18.html">
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html595"
|
|
HREF="mma.html">
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html589"
|
|
HREF="node16.html">
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html598"
|
|
HREF="node18.html">Repeats</A>
|
|
<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html596"
|
|
HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
|
|
<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html590"
|
|
HREF="node16.html">Swing</A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
<BR></DIV>
|
|
<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
|
|
<!--Table of Child-Links-->
|
|
<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
|
|
|
|
<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html599"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001710000000000000000">Accent</A>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html600"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001720000000000000000">AdjustVolume</A>
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html601"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001721000000000000000">Mnemonic Volume Ratios</A>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html602"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001722000000000000000">Master Volume Ratio</A>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html603"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001730000000000000000">Volume</A>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html604"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001740000000000000000">Cresc and Decresc</A>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html605"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001750000000000000000">Swell</A>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html606"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001760000000000000000">RVolume</A>
|
|
<LI><A NAME="tex2html607"
|
|
HREF="node17.html#SECTION001770000000000000000">Saving and Restoring Volumes</A>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
|
|
<HR>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001700000000000000000"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="sec-volume"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Volume and Dynamics
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> is very versatile when it comes to the volumes or dynamics used in your song.<A NAME="tex2html55"
|
|
HREF="#foot6863"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
Each generated note goes though several adjustments:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<OL>
|
|
<LI>The initial velocity is set in the pattern definition, see
|
|
<A HREF="node4.html#sec-pats">patterns</A>,<A NAME="tex2html56"
|
|
HREF="#foot6869"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A>
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>the velocity is then adjusted by the master and
|
|
track volume settings (see <A HREF="#volume-ratio">here</A>
|
|
for the discussion of A<SMALL>DJUST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME </SMALL>RATIO),
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>if certain notes are to be accented, yet another adjustment is made,
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>and, finally, if the random volume is set, more adjustment.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
For the most part
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses conventional musical score notation for
|
|
volumes. Internally, the dynamic name is converted to a percentage
|
|
value. The note volume is adjusted by the percentage.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The following table shows the available volume settings and the adjustment values.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<DIV ALIGN="CENTER">
|
|
|
|
<Table CellSpacing=0 Width="80%" Align="Center" CellPadding=10 BGColor="#dddddd" Border=3>
|
|
<tr> <td>
|
|
<TABLE CELLPADDING=3 BORDER="1">
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT"><SPAN CLASS="textit">Symbolic Name</SPAN></TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT"><SPAN CLASS="textit">Ratio (Percentage) Adjustment</SPAN></TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">off</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">0</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pppp</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">5</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ppp</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">10</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">pp</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">25</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">p</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">40</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mp</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">70</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">m</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">100</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">mf</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">110</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">f</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">130</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ff</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">160</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">fff</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">180</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
<TR><TD ALIGN="LEFT">ffff</TD>
|
|
<TD ALIGN="LEFT">200</TD>
|
|
</TR>
|
|
</TABLE>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
</DIV>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The setting O<SMALL>FF</SMALL> is useful for generating fades at the end of a
|
|
piece. For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Volume ff
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Decresc Off 5
|
|
<BR>
|
|
G / Gm / * 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will cause the last 5 bars of your music to fade from a <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> to
|
|
silence.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The initial velocity of a note is set in the pattern definition (see
|
|
<A HREF="node4.html#sec-pats">patterns</A>). The following
|
|
commands set the master volume, track volume and random volume
|
|
adjustments.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In addition to the note velocities generated by
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> your MIDI
|
|
device can also change the mix between channels. See the discussion
|
|
for MIDIV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> (<A HREF="node20.html#channelvol">here</A>).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001710000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="accent"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Accent
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
``Real musicians''<A NAME="tex2html57"
|
|
HREF="#foot6899"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A>, in an almost
|
|
automatic manner, emphasize notes on certain beats. In popular Western
|
|
music written in <SPAN CLASS="textbf">4/4</SPAN> time this is usually beats one and
|
|
three. This emphasis sets the pulse or beat in a piece.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> you can set the velocities in a pattern so that this emphasis is
|
|
automatically adjusted. For example, when setting a walking bass line
|
|
pattern you could use a pattern definition like:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Define Walk W1234 1 4 100; 2 4 70; 3 4 80; 4 4 70 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
However, it is much easier to use a definition which has all the
|
|
velocities the same:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Define Walk W1234 1 1 90 * 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
and use the A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL> command to increase or decrease the volume
|
|
of notes on certain beats:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Walk Accent 1 20 2 -10 4 -10 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The above command will increase the volume for walking bass notes on
|
|
beat 1 by 20%, and decrease the volumes of notes on beats 2 and 4 by
|
|
10%.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can use this command in all tracks.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
When specifying the accents, you must have matching pairs of data. The
|
|
first item in the pair is the beat (which can be fractional), the
|
|
second is the volume adjustment. This is a percentage of the current
|
|
note volume that is added (or subtracted) to the volume. Adjustment
|
|
factors must be integers in the range -100 to 100.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The A<SMALL>CCENT</SMALL>s can apply to all bars in a track; as well, you can set
|
|
different accents for different bars. Just use a ``{}'' pair to delimit
|
|
each bar. For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Bass Accent {1 20} / / {1 30 3 30} </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The above line will set an accent on beat 1 of bars 1, 2 and 3; in
|
|
bar 4 beats 1 and 3 will be accented.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can use a ``/'' to repeat a setting. The ``/'' can be enclosed in
|
|
a ``{}'' delimiter if you want.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001720000000000000000">
|
|
AdjustVolume</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H2><A NAME="SECTION001721000000000000000">
|
|
Mnemonic Volume Ratios</A>
|
|
</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The ratios used to adjust the volume can be changed from the table at
|
|
the start of this chapter. For example, to change the percentage used
|
|
for the <SMALL>MF</SMALL> setting:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume MF=95 f=120 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Note that you can have multiple setting on the same line.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The values used have the same format as those used for the
|
|
V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> command, below. For now, a few examples:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Mf=mp+200 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will set the adjustment factor for <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> to that of <SPAN CLASS="textit">mp</SPAN> plus
|
|
200%.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
And,
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume mf=+20 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will increase the current <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> setting by 20%.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You might want to do these adjustment in your MMArc file(s).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H2><A NAME="SECTION001722000000000000000"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="volume-ratio"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Master Volume Ratio
|
|
</H2>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses both the master and track volumes
|
|
to determine the final velocity of a note. By default, the track volume
|
|
setting accounts for 60% of the adjustment and the master volume for
|
|
the remaining 40%. The simple-minded logic behind this is that if the
|
|
user goes to the effort of setting a volume for a track, then that is
|
|
probably more important than a volume set for the entire piece.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can change the ratio used at anytime with the A<SMALL>DJUST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME </SMALL>R<SMALL>ATIO=</SMALL><SPAN CLASS="MATH"></SMALL></SPAN><SMALL>VALUE</SMALL><SPAN CLASS="MATH"></SMALL></SPAN>
|
|
directive. <SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
|
|
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
|
|
SRC="img3.png"
|
|
ALT="$<$"></SPAN>Value<SPAN CLASS="MATH"><IMG
|
|
WIDTH="19" HEIGHT="33" ALIGN="MIDDLE" BORDER="0"
|
|
SRC="img4.png"
|
|
ALT="$>$"></SPAN> is the percentage to use for the <SPAN CLASS="textit">Track</SPAN> volume. A few examples:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=60 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
This duplicates the default setting.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=40 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Volume adjustments use 40% of the track volume and 60% of the master
|
|
volume.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=100 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Volume adjustments use only the track volume (and ignore the master
|
|
volume completely).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Volume adjustments use only the master volume (and ignore the track
|
|
volumes completely).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Any value in the range 0 to 100 can be used as an argument for this
|
|
command. This setting is saved in G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Feel free to experiment with different ratios.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001730000000000000000"></A> <A NAME="volume"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Volume
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The volume for a track and the master volume, is set with the V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL>
|
|
command. Volumes can be specified much like standard sheet music with
|
|
the conventional dynamic names. These volumes can be applied to a
|
|
track or to the entire song. For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Arpeggio-Piano Volume p </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
sets the volume for the Arpeggio-Piano track to something approximating
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">piano</SPAN>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Volume f </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
sets the master volume to <SPAN CLASS="textit">forte</SPAN>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In most cases the volume for a specific track will be set within the G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>
|
|
definition; the master volume is used in the music file to adjust the
|
|
overall feel of the piece.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
When using V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> for a specific track, you can use a different
|
|
value for each bar in a sequence:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Drum Volume mp ff / ppp </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
A ``/'' can be used to repeat values.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In addition to the ``musical symbols'' like <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">mp</SPAN> you can
|
|
also use numeric values to indicate a percentage. In this case you can
|
|
use intermediate values to those specified in the table above. For
|
|
example, to set the volume between <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> and <SPAN CLASS="textit">f</SPAN>, you could do
|
|
something like:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Volume 87 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
But, we don't recommend that you use this!
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
A better option is to increment or decrement an existing volume by a
|
|
percentage. A numeric value prefaced by a ``+'' or ``-'' is
|
|
interpreted as a change. So:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Drum-Snare Volume -20 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
would decrement the existing volume of the D<SMALL>RUM-</SMALL>S<SMALL>NARE</SMALL> track by
|
|
20%.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
And, finally, for fine tuning you can adjust a ``musical symbol''
|
|
volume by a percentage. The volume ``mf-10'' will generate a volume
|
|
10% less than the value of ``mf''; ``f+20'' will generate a volume
|
|
20% greater than ``f''.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001740000000000000000">
|
|
Cresc and Decresc</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you wish to adjust the volume over one or more bars use the C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> or
|
|
D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html58"
|
|
HREF="#foot6951"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A> commands. These commands work in both the master
|
|
context and individual tracks.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
For all practical purposes, the two commands are equivalent, except
|
|
for a possible warning message. If the new volume in less than the
|
|
current volume in a C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> a warning will be displayed; the
|
|
converse applies to a D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL>. In addition, a warning will
|
|
be displayed if the effect of either command results in no volume change.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The command requires two or three arguments. The first argument is an
|
|
optional initial volume followed by the new (destination) volume and
|
|
the number of bars the adjustment will take.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Cresc fff 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will gradually vary the master volume from its current setting to a
|
|
``triple forte'' over the next 5 bars. Note that the very next bar
|
|
will be played at the current volume and the fifth bar at <SPAN CLASS="textit">fff</SPAN>
|
|
with the other three bars at increasing volumes.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Similarly:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Drum-Snare Decresc mp 2 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will decrease the ``drum-snare'' volume to ``mezzo piano'' over the next 2 bars.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Finally, consider:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Cresc pp mf 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
which will set the current volume to <SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN> and then increase it to
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN> over the next 4 bars. Again, note that the very next bar
|
|
will be played at <SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN> and the fourth at <SPAN CLASS="textit">mf</SPAN>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can use numeric values (not recommended!) in these directives:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Cresc 20 100 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
As well as increment/decrement:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Volume ff
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Decresc -10 -40 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The above example will first set the volume to 10% less than the
|
|
current <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> setting. Then it will decrease the volume over the next
|
|
4 bars to a volume 40% less than the new setting for the first bar.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
A S<SMALL>EQ</SMALL>C<SMALL>LEAR</SMALL> command will reset all track volumes to the default
|
|
<SMALL>M</SMALL>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
When applying C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> or D<SMALL>E</SMALL>C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> at the track level the
|
|
volumes for each bar in the sequence will end up being the same. For example,
|
|
assuming a two bar sequence length, you might have:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Chord Volume MP F </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
which alternates the volume between successive bars in the
|
|
C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL> track. Now, if you were to:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Chord Cresc M FF 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The following actions take effect:
|
|
|
|
<OL>
|
|
<LI>A warning message will be displayed,
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>The volume for the chord track will be set to <SPAN CLASS="textit">m</SPAN>,
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>The volume for the chord track will increment to <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> over
|
|
the next four bars,
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>The volume for the sequence will end up being <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> for all
|
|
the bars in the remaining sequence. You may need to reissue the
|
|
initial chord volume command.
|
|
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</OL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You may find that certain volume adjustments don't create the volumes
|
|
you are expecting. In most cases this will be due to the fact that
|
|
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> uses a master and track volume to determine the final
|
|
result. So, if you want a fade at the end of a piece you might do:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
and find that the volume on the last bar is still too loud. There are
|
|
two simple solutions:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI>Add a command to decrease the track volumes. For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Alltracks Decresc m pppp 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
in addition to to the master setting.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>Change the ratio between track and master settings:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>AdjustVolume Ratio=0 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
or some other small value.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
These methods will produce similar, but different results.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The adjustments made for C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> and D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> are applied
|
|
over each bar effected. This means that the first note or notes in a
|
|
bar will be louder (or softer) than the last. You can use this effect
|
|
for interesting changes by using a single bar for the range. Assuming
|
|
a current volume of <SPAN CLASS="textit">mp</SPAN>:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Cresc fff 1 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will set the final notes in the following bar to be <SPAN CLASS="textit">fff</SPAN>, etc.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
If you have a number of bars with the same chord and the track you are
|
|
modifying has U<SMALL>NIFY</SMALL> enabled the volume will not
|
|
change. U<SMALL>NIFY</SMALL> creates long notes sustained over a number of
|
|
bars for which the volume is only set once.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Sometimes a C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html59"
|
|
HREF="#foot7041"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">5</SPAN></SUP></A> command will span a groove
|
|
change.
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> handles this in two different ways:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI>Master C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> commands can continue over a new
|
|
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>. For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Groove One
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Cresc mp ff 8
|
|
<BR>
|
|
C * 4
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Groove Two
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Dm * 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
will work just fine. This makes sense since library files and groove
|
|
definitions normally do not have master volume settings.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>However, volume changes at a track level cannot span
|
|
G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL> changes. Using a similar example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Groove One
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Chord Cresc mp ff 8
|
|
<BR>
|
|
C * 4
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Groove Two
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Dm * 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In this case
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> will truncate the C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> after 4 bars and
|
|
issue a warning message. The C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL> volume will never reach
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN>. Since groove definitions and library files normally
|
|
do set individual volumes for each track it would be counter
|
|
intuitive to permit a previous C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> to continue its effect.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001750000000000000000">
|
|
Swell</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Often you want a crescendo to be followed by a decrescendo (or, less
|
|
commonly, a decrescendo followed by a crescendo). Technically, this is
|
|
a <SPAN CLASS="textit">messa di voce</SPAN>.<A NAME="tex2html60"
|
|
HREF="#foot7042"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">6</SPAN></SUP></A> You'll see the notation in sheet music with opposed
|
|
``hairpins''.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
A S<SMALL>WELL</SMALL> is set with a command like:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Swell pp ff 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
or
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Chord Swell ff 4 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In the first case the master volume will be increased over 2 bars from
|
|
<SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN> to <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> and then back to <SPAN CLASS="textit">pp</SPAN>. In the second
|
|
case the C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL> volume will be increased to <SPAN CLASS="textit">ff</SPAN> over 2
|
|
bars, then back to the original volume.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
You can achieve the same results with a pair of C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL> and
|
|
D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> commands (and you might be safer to do just this since
|
|
S<SMALL>WELL</SMALL> doesn't issue as many warnings).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Note that, just like in C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL>, you can skip the first argument
|
|
(the initial volume setting). Also, note that the final argument is
|
|
the total number of bars to effect (and it must be 2 or more).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001760000000000000000"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="rvolume"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
RVolume
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Not even the best musician can play each note at the same volume. Nor
|
|
would he or she want to--the result would be quite unmusical ...
|
|
so
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> tries to be a bit human by randomly adjusting note volume
|
|
with the R<SMALL>VOLUME</SMALL> command.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The command can be applied to any specific track. Examples:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Chord RVolume 10
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Drum-Snare RVolume 5 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The RV<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL> argument is a percentage value by which a volume is
|
|
adjusted. A setting of 0 disables the adjustment for a track (this is
|
|
the default).
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
When set, the note velocity (after the track and master volume
|
|
adjustments) is randomized up or down by the value. Again, using the
|
|
above example, let us assume that a note in the current pattern gets a
|
|
MIDI velocity of 88. The random factor of 10 will adjust this by 10%
|
|
up or down--the new value can be from 78 to 98.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
The idea behind this is to give the track a more human sounding
|
|
effect. You can use large values, but it's not recommended. Usually,
|
|
values in the 5 to 10 range work well. You might want slightly larger
|
|
values for drum tracks. Using a value greater than 30 will generate a
|
|
warning message.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Notes:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<UL>
|
|
<LI>No generated value will be out of the valid MIDI velocity range
|
|
of 1 to 127.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>A different value can be used for each bar in a sequence:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Scale RVolume 10 0 / 20 </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
<LI>A ``/'' can be used to repeat values.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
</LI>
|
|
</UL>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<H1><A NAME="SECTION001770000000000000000">
|
|
Saving and Restoring Volumes</A>
|
|
</H1>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Dynamics can get quite complicated, especially when you are adjusting
|
|
the volumes of a track inside a repeat or other complicated sections
|
|
of music. In this section attempts to give some general
|
|
guidelines and hints.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
For the most part, the supplied groove files will have balanced
|
|
volumes between the different instruments. If you find that some
|
|
instruments or drum tones are consistently too loud or soft, spend some
|
|
time with the chapter on <A HREF="node22.html#finetuning">Fine Tuning</A>.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Remember that G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s save all the current volume settings.
|
|
This includes the master setting as well as individual track settings.
|
|
So, if you are using the mythical groove ``Wonderful'' and think that
|
|
the <SPAN CLASS="textit">Chord-Piano</SPAN> volume should be louder in a particular song
|
|
it's easy to do something like:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Groove Wonderful
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Chord-Piano Volume ff
|
|
<BR>
|
|
DefGroove Wonderful </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Now, when you call this groove the new volume will be used. Note that
|
|
you'll have to do this for each variation of the groove that you use
|
|
in the song.
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
In most songs you will not need to do major changes. But, it is nice
|
|
to use the same volume each time though a section. In most cases
|
|
you'll want to do a explicit setting at the start of a section. For
|
|
example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Repeat
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Volume mf
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Cresc ff 5
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
<BR>
|
|
EndRepeat </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
Another useful technique is the use of the $_L<SMALL>AST</SMALL>V<SMALL>OLUME</SMALL>
|
|
macro. For example:
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
|
|
<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
|
|
<tr><td>
|
|
<B>Volume pp
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
<BR>
|
|
Cresc f 5
|
|
<BR> ...
|
|
<BR> $_LastVolume // restores to pp </B>
|
|
|
|
</td></tr>
|
|
</Table>
|
|
|
|
<P>
|
|
<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
|
|
<DL>
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6863">...</A><A
|
|
HREF="node17.html#tex2html55"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
<DD>We'll try to be consistent and refer to a MIDI
|
|
``volume'' as a ``velocity'' and internal
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> adjustments to velocity as volumes.
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6869">...sec-pats,</A><A
|
|
HREF="node17.html#tex2html56"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
<DD>Solo and
|
|
Melody track notes use an initial velocity of 90.
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6899">... musicians''</A><A
|
|
HREF="node17.html#tex2html57"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
<DD>as opposed to mechanical.
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot6951">...D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL></A><A
|
|
HREF="node17.html#tex2html58"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
<DD>We use the term ``decrescendo'', others
|
|
prefer ``diminuendo''.
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot7041">...C<SMALL>RESC</SMALL></A><A
|
|
HREF="node17.html#tex2html59"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">5</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
<DD>This applies to D<SMALL>ECRESC</SMALL> and
|
|
S<SMALL>WELL</SMALL> as well.
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
<DT><A NAME="foot7042">... voce.</A><A
|
|
HREF="node17.html#tex2html60"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">17</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">6</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
|
|
<DD>Some references indicate that <SPAN CLASS="textit">messa di
|
|
voce</SPAN> applies to a single tone, and
|
|
<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> is not capable of doing
|
|
this.
|
|
|
|
</DD>
|
|
</DL>
|
|
<DIV CLASS="navigation"><HR>
|
|
<!--Navigation Panel-->
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html597"
|
|
HREF="node18.html">
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="37" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="next" SRC="next.png"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html595"
|
|
HREF="mma.html">
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
|
|
<A NAME="tex2html589"
|
|
HREF="node16.html">
|
|
<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
|
|
<BR>
|
|
<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html598"
|
|
HREF="node18.html">Repeats</A>
|
|
<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html596"
|
|
HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
|
|
<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html590"
|
|
HREF="node16.html">Swing</A></DIV>
|
|
<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
|
|
<ADDRESS>
|
|
bob
|
|
2008-09-28
|
|
</ADDRESS>
|
|
</BODY>
|
|
</HTML>
|