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original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
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<TITLE>Emulating plucked instruments: Plectrum Tracks</TITLE>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html569"
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HREF="node12.html">Automatic Melodies: Aria Tracks</A>
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HREF="node10.html">Solo and Melody Tracks</A>
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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
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<UL CLASS="ChildLinks">
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html570"
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HREF="node11.html#SECTION001110000000000000000">Tuning</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html571"
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HREF="node11.html#SECTION001120000000000000000">Capo</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html572"
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HREF="node11.html#SECTION001130000000000000000">Patterns</A>
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<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001100000000000000000"></A>
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<A NAME="chap-plectrum"></A>
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<BR>
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Emulating plucked instruments: Plectrum Tracks
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</H1>
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<P>
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P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL><A NAME="tex2html48"
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HREF="#foot5419"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A>tracks are designed to let
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> create tracks that sound, remarkably,
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like real, strummed instruments (guitars, mandolins, banjos, etc).
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<P>
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As mentioned earlier in this document, the biggest difference between
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P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> and other tracks is that a duration is not used. This
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means that each string (note) in P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> patterns continue to
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sound until they are changed (a new note) or muted.
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<P>
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When creating a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> pattern or sequence you simply set an
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offset, strum duration and volumes for each string of the
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“instrument”.
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<P>
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To aid in debugging, a special D<SMALL>EBUG</SMALL> option P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> is
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provided. When enabled this will display chord shapes for generated
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chords. See <A HREF="node24.html#debugging">here</A> for
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information to enable/disable this option.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001110000000000000000">
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Tuning</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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By default the P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> tracks are set to a standard
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guitar. However, it's very easy to change with with the T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL>
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command. This command requires a note setting for each string in the
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instrument. For example, to duplicate the default:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Plectrum Tuning e- a- d g b e+ </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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In this case we have set six strings. The first string is a low “e”,
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the second a low “a”, etc.
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<P>
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Similarly, you could define a tenor banjo with:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Plectrum Tuning g- d a e+ </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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Only one T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> setting can be set for a sequence. It applies
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to all bars in the current sequence. It is saved and restored in
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G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
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<P>
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If you change the T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> for a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track after
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setting a S<SMALL>EQUENCE</SMALL> you must ensure that the number of strings
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in the P<SMALL>ATTERN</SMALL> and T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> are the same. A mismatch will
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generate an error. However, setting a different T<SMALL>UNING</SMALL> with the
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same number of strings is just fine.
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001120000000000000000">
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Capo</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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A “capo” is small bar which is placed on the neck of a guitar, banjo
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or other stringed instrument to raise its pitch. They are quite useful
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when a song is in a pitch too low for a singer ... a capo placed
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on the guitar raises the pitch of each played chord. Much easier for a
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player than having to change (raise) each chord in the song. In
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> the use of a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> setting is a bit different:
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it doesn't change the chord pitches. A “C Major” chord remains a “C
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Major” chord. However, the actual note assignments to the different
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strings on the instrument can (and most likely) changes. Depending on
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the tuning of the “instrument” a “C” chord with a C<SMALL>APO 2</SMALL>
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will be created as a “B” <SPAN CLASS="textit">chord shape</SPAN> played above the second fret. In most cases
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a chord with a positive C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> value will have a higher tonality.
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<P>
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To change the C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> value:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Plectrum Capo 2 </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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In addition to raising the pitch of the instrument, you can use
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negative values ... in a real instrument you would need to stretch
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the neck for similar results! There are no limits on the capo
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values. Very high or low values will have no different effect over
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moderate ones since the generated notes will always be in the MIDI
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range of 0 to 127.
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<P>
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Only one C<SMALL>APO</SMALL> setting can be set for a sequence. It applies to
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all bars in the current sequence. It is saved and restored in
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G<SMALL>ROOVE</SMALL>s.
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<P>
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It is also possible to change the pitch or tonality for individual
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chords with the “barre” chord name extension (detailed
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<A HREF="node30.html#barre-chords">here</A>).
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<P>
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Yet another way to change the pitch is to use the O<SMALL>CTAVE</SMALL>
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settings <A HREF="node24.html#octave">here</A>.
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<P>
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<SPAN CLASS="textit">Remember: unlike a real instrument, neither <SMALL>CAPO</SMALL> or barre chords
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change the pitch (transpose) the chord in
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> . The same chord is played,
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but with a higher tonality.</SPAN>
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION001130000000000000000">
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Patterns</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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Setting a pattern for a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track is similar to that of
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other tracks: you simply set the offset and volumes for the different
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strings. In addition you must specify a “strum”<A NAME="tex2html49"
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HREF="#foot5421"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A> value (used as a delay between
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strings). The formal definition for a P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> pattern is:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Offset Strum Strings:Velocity [...Strings:Velocity] </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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where:
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<P>
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<DL>
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<DT><STRONG>Offset</STRONG></DT>
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<DD>A beat or offset into the bar. This is used in the same
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manner as in all the other MMA patterns.
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<P>
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</DD>
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<DT><STRONG>Strum</STRONG></DT>
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<DD>The strumming delay between hitting each string. Use a
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positive number for a downward strum and negative number for an
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upward strum and use zero for all the notes to be played together. “3”
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is a fast downward strum and “-10” is a slow upward strum.
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<P>
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</DD>
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<DT><STRONG>Strings</STRONG></DT>
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<DD>The string or strings that are to be plucked. Details
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below.
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<P>
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</DD>
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<DT><STRONG>Velocity</STRONG></DT>
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<DD>The MIDI velocity (loudness) for each string. “127”
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is the maximum volume, A value of zero is used to mute the string or
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strings. Guitarists often mute the strings with the side of their
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hand when strumming.<A NAME="tex2html50"
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HREF="#foot5422"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A>
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<P>
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</DD>
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</DL>
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<P>
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For a basic strumming guitar you might use:<A NAME="tex2html51"
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HREF="#foot5423"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A>
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Begin Plectrum-Strumming
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<BR> Voice NylonGuitar
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<BR> Volume m
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<BR> Sequence 1.0 +5 120 120 120 120 120 100; \
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<BR> 2.0 +5 90 80 80 80 80 80;\
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<BR> 2.5 -5 - - 50 50 50 50;\
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<BR> 3.0 +5 90 80 80 80 80 80;\
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<BR> 3.5 -5 - - 50 50 50 50;\
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<BR> 4.0 +5 90 80 80 80 80 80;\
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<BR> 4.5 -5 - - 50 50 50 50;
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<BR>
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End </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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This gives eight strums per bar. Note the strum values at beats 2.5,
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3.5 and 4.5: using a negative strum value causes the strum to run in
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the opposite (high to low) direction.
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<P>
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Also, notice the use of “-” values for certain strings. A “-” lets
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that string continue to vibrate until the next pattern. If you want to
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disable (mute) a string use a “0” for the volume.
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<P>
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Another example shows how to set up a finger picking pattern:
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<P>
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<Table Hspace="40%" CellSpacing=0 CellPadding=10 BGColor="OldLace" Border=3>
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<tr><td>
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<B>Begin Plectrum-FingerPicking
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<BR> Voice NylonGuitar
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<BR> Volume m
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<BR> Sequence 1.0 0 - 100 - - 90 -;\
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<BR> 1.5 0 - - - 90 - -;\
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<BR> 2.0 0 - - 90 - 90 -;\
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<BR> 2.5 0 - - - 90 - -;\
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<BR> 3.0 0 - - - - - 90;\
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<BR> 3.5 0 - - - - 90 -;\
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<BR> 4.0 0 - - - 90 - -;\
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<BR> 4.5 0 - - 90 - - -;
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<BR>
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End </B>
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</td></tr>
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</Table>
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<P>
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To make creation of volume tables a bit easier, you can shorten the
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notation by setting a range and volume. This is done by using
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“n-m:v” where n is the start string number and m is the end string
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number and v is the volume. <B>Please note that the strings are numbered
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in “reverse” order, just like a guitar.</B> The last string (the bottom
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and usually the highest pitch) is string “1”, the first string
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(assuming 6 strings) is “6”. So,
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>“1.0 0 2:50” is the same as “1.0 0 - - - - 50 -”
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</LI>
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<LI>“1.0 -5 2-4:80” is the same as “1.0 -5 - - 80 80 80 -”
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<P>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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It is not possible to mix range and individual string settings. So,
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<SPAN CLASS="textit">you cannot do</SPAN>:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>“1.0 0 2:50 90” <IMG
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WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
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SRC="img2.png"
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ALT="\includegraphics[height=3ex]{stop.eps}">
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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Missing volume settings are expanded just like in C<SMALL>HORD</SMALL>
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tracks. So, assuming a 6 string guitar:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>“1.0 0 90 ” is the same as “1.0 0 90 90 90 90 90 90”
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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However, do note that you must specify either one or all the strings
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if you are not using a range. Again, <SPAN CLASS="textit">you cannot do</SPAN>:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>“1. 0 80 90” <IMG
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WIDTH="28" HEIGHT="28" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0"
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SRC="img2.png"
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ALT="\includegraphics[height=3ex]{stop.eps}">
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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Please note that the following options have no effect in a
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P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track: A<SMALL>RTICULATE</SMALL>, V<SMALL>OICING</SMALL>,
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S<SMALL>TRUM</SMALL> M<SMALL>ALLET</SMALL> and D<SMALL>IRECTION</SMALL>.
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<BR><HR><H4>Footnotes</H4>
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<DL>
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<DT><A NAME="foot5419">...P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL></A><A
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HREF="node11.html#tex2html48"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">1</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
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<DD>The concept and code base for the Plectrum
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track was developed by Louis James Barman
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<SPAN CLASS="textbf"><louisjbarman at googlemail dot com></SPAN>. Send compliments to him!
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</DD>
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<DT><A NAME="foot5421">... “strum”</A><A
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HREF="node11.html#tex2html49"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">2</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
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<DD>A
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“P<SMALL>LECTRUM </SMALL>S<SMALL>TRUM</SMALL>” setting is ignored by these tracks. Strum
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must be set as part of the pattern.
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</DD>
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<DT><A NAME="foot5422">... strumming.</A><A
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HREF="node11.html#tex2html50"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">3</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
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<DD>The P<SMALL>LECTRUM</SMALL> track differs from
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other
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> tracks as the duration of each note is not given but
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instead like a real guitar the note on the string will continue
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to sound until either it is muted by using a velocity of zero or
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until another note is played on the same string.
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</DD>
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<DT><A NAME="foot5423">... use:</A><A
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HREF="node11.html#tex2html51"><SUP><SPAN CLASS="arabic">11</SPAN>.<SPAN CLASS="arabic">4</SPAN></SUP></A></DT>
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<DD>These examples
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use B<SMALL>EGIN</SMALL>/E<SMALL>ND</SMALL> shorthand notation. This is explained in
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the “Begin/End Block” chapter <A HREF="node25.html#sec-blocks">here</A>.
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</DD>
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</DL>
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<A NAME="tex2html560"
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HREF="node10.html">
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<IMG WIDTH="63" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="previous" SRC="prev.png"></A>
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<BR>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html569"
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HREF="node12.html">Automatic Melodies: Aria Tracks</A>
|
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html567"
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HREF="mma.html">Reference Manual</A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html561"
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HREF="node10.html">Solo and Melody Tracks</A></DIV>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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<ADDRESS>
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bob
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2010-11-07
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</ADDRESS>
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</BODY>
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</HTML>
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