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<!--Converted with LaTeX2HTML 2002-2-1 (1.71)
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original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
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* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
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* with significant contributions from:
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<TITLE>A Simple Example</TITLE>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html65"
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HREF="node4.html">A More Complex Example</A>
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html63"
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HREF="mma-tutorial.html">Tutorial</A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html57"
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HREF="node2.html">Installation</A>
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<!--End of Navigation Panel-->
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<!--Table of Child-Links-->
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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>
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<UL>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html66"
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HREF="node3.html#SECTION00310000000000000000">Fella Bird, Basic Edition</A>
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<LI><A NAME="tex2html67"
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HREF="node3.html#SECTION00320000000000000000">Fella Bird, Improved Edition</A>
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</UL>
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<!--End of Table of Child-Links-->
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<HR>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00300000000000000000">
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A Simple Example</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00310000000000000000">
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Fella Bird, Basic Edition</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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<BR>
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<TABLE CELLSPACING=0 Align="Center" CELLPADDING=10 BGCOLOR="#efefef" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD ALIGN="CENTER" BGCOLOR="White">
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<B><FONT SIZE="+2">Sheet Music for a Popular Song</FONT></B> <A NAME="eg:birthday"></A>
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</TR></TD> <TR><TD Align="Center">
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<IMG WIDTH="95%" SRC="mup/fella.png" ALT="Lost Image">
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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<P>
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This example piece of music is shown in a ``fake book'' or ``lead sheet''
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style. It shows the melody notes, lyrics and chords.
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<P>
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As a first try at making a MIDI accompaniment file, we have created the
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following file:
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<P>
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<B>// Sample tutorial file
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<BR>// Fella Bird, try 1
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<BR>
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<BR>
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Tempo 120
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<BR>
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Groove Rhumba
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<BR>
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<BR>
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1 F
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<BR>
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2 F
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<BR>
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3 C7
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<BR>
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4 F
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<BR>
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5 F
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<BR>
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6 F
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<BR>
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7 C7
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<BR>
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8 F
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<BR>
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9 Gm
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<BR>
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10 F
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<BR>
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11 C7
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<BR>
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12 F
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<BR>
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13 Gm
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<BR>
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14 F
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<BR>
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15 C7
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<BR>
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16 F / / z!
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<BR>
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<BR></B>
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<P>
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After the comments in the file, the first line to note is:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>Tempo 120 </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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This sets the tempo, or speed, of the piece to 120 beats per minute. You may
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have to guess the tempo--very few pieces (especially in ``fake book'' style)
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will include a metronome setting. For slow pieces you might want to start with a
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tempo setting of ``80''; for faster pieces, like swings, try around ``150''; polkas
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and marches, which are really in <B>2/2</B> time, may require fast
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sounding tempos like ``250''. Feel free to modify the tempo setting in
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the example files--you're not going to break anything.
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<P>
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Since we are using the standard library which was shipped with
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> ,
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we can select one of the predefined grooves:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>Groove Rhumba </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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Note that this command also sets up the ``time signature'' to <B>4/4</B>.
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Not quite the same as the ``cut'' time indicated, but close enough. And speaking
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of ``close enough'', we're using a rhumba rhythm instead of the merengue indicated
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in the score.
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<P>
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Finally, we have the chord information. The first bar (in the sheet music)
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indicates an ``F'' chord. So that's what we tell
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> to use:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>1 F </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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We continue in a similar manner for the rest of the song.
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<P>
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We've simplifed the song a bit and show only one chord per bar.
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> automatically fills out the bars so that each has four chords.
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We could have entered the first bar as:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>2 F F F F </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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or, more simply:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>2 F / / / </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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and had the same result. But, who wants to do all that typing?
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<P>
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In the final bar, the last beat is a rest.
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<P>
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The line:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>16 F / / z! </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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causes an ``F'' chord to be used on the first three beats, the fourth
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beat is completely silent due the to the ``z!''. Note the difference
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between a ``z'' and ``z!''--the first silences all but the drum track,
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the second silences everything. See the reference manual for more details
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on ``z''.
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<P>
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Now, let's create our first MIDI file! If you are using the standard
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distribution, you should find a file ``fella1.mma'' in the tutorial directory.
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Change to this directory and type the command:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>mma fella1 </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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Your computer should run the python script called ``mma'' and process the
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file ``fella1.mma''. The MIDI file ``fella1.mid'' should be created. If this doesn't
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happen, please check your python installation, and make sure that you
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have installed ``mma'' where your shell can find it. If you are completely stuck,
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drop me an email.
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<P>
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Now, use your favorite MIDI file player to play the song.
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<P>
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How'd that sound? A piano doing some chords, a jazzy bass line,
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and a bit of drumming? Wonderful!
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<P>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION00320000000000000000">
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Fella Bird, Improved Edition</A>
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</H1>
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<P>
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If you play the MIDI created in the previous section you'll find a number
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of things lacking. Certainly:
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<P>
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<UL>
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<LI>It is hard to sing to because there is no aural indication of
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when to start,
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>The whole piece is the same volume,
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<P>
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</LI>
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<LI>It's a pretty short song, so let's play it twice.
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<P>
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</LI>
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</UL>
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<P>
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The following example has a number of improvements:
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<P>
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<B> // Sample tutorial file
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<BR>// Fella Bird, try 2
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<BR>
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<BR>
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Tempo 120
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<BR>
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Groove Metronome2-4
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<BR>
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<BR>
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z * 2
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<BR>
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<BR>
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Groove Rhumba
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<BR>
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Repeat
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<BR>
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Volume mp
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<BR>
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Cresc mf 4
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<BR>
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<BR>
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1 F
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<BR>
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2 F
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<BR>
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3 C7
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<BR>
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4 F
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<BR>
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5 F
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<BR>
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6 F
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<BR>
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7 C7
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<BR>
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8 F
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<BR>
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9 Gm
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<BR>
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10 F
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<BR>
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11 C7
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<BR>
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<BR>
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Decresc p 4
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<BR>
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<BR>
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12 F
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<BR>
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13 Gm
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<BR>
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14 F
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<BR>
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15 C7
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<BR>
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<BR>
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RepeatEnding
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<BR>
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<BR>
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16 F / / z
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<BR>
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<BR>
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RepeatEnd
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<BR>
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<BR>
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17 F / / z!
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<BR>
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cut -1
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<BR>
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<BR>
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<BR></B>
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Try running
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> on this file and listen to it. Oh my, much better.
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<P>
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So, let's look at the changes.
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B>Groove Metronome2-4 </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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This sets the current ``groove'' to a metronome. To find this groove
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> will automatically process the library file ``metronome''.
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<P>
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The metronome groove consists of wood-blocks being struck in a
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<B>4/4</B> pattern. In order to ``sound'' the metronome, we need
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to create an empty bar:
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<P>
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<TABLE ALIGN="CENTER" CELLSPACING=0 CELLPADDING=5 BGCOLOR="OldLace" BORDER=3>
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<TR> <TD>
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<BLOCKQUOTE><B> z * 2 </B></BLOCKQUOTE>
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</TD></TR></TABLE>
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<P>
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Mind you, we could have specified a chord here and gotten the same
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result (the groove has no definitions for any instruments other than
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the wood-block, so nothing else will sound). But, it seems to be more
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clear to use a ``z''.
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<P>
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Okay, we lied. We didn't create an empty bar for the metronome. If
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you're sharp you'll notice that the ``z'' is followed by ``* 2''. This
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means to play this bar two times. So, you get 2 bars of metronome.
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Cool.
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<P>
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We've not made any changes to the chords, but a few little changes do
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help this simple piece. Remember the dull, single volume? Well, have a
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look at the ``volume'' directives we've included in this version. We
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start the song off at a moderate volume, and increase it in several
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steps. And, at the end we use a ``decresc'' to reduce the volume to
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``quiet'' over the final 4 bars.
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<P>
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Please refer to the
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<FONT Face="Serif" Color="Navy"><I>MMA</I></FONT> Reference Manual for salient details on the
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volume commands.
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<P>
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One minor change we did make in the chords is in bar 16. Note the
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change between this and bar 17. In the first we have a ``z'', the
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second a ``z!''. The difference between the two is that we want the
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precussion tracks to continue though the ending, but not on the final
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beat.
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<P>
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Finally, to ensure a complete cutoff in the final bar we have added a
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``cut'' command. We're sure you'll find these minor changes a great
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improvement.
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<P>
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<P>
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<HR>
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HREF="mma-tutorial.html">
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<IMG WIDTH="26" HEIGHT="24" ALIGN="BOTTOM" BORDER="0" ALT="up" SRC="up.png"></A>
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HREF="node2.html">
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<BR>
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<B> Next:</B> <A NAME="tex2html65"
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HREF="node4.html">A More Complex Example</A>
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<B> Up:</B> <A NAME="tex2html63"
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HREF="mma-tutorial.html">Tutorial</A>
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<B> Previous:</B> <A NAME="tex2html57"
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HREF="node2.html">Installation</A>
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<ADDRESS>
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Bob
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2006-10-15
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</ADDRESS>
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