MMA builds its output based on PATTERNs and SEQUENCEs supplied by you. These can be defined in the same file as the rest of the song data, or can be included (see here) from a library file.
A pattern is a definition for a voice or track which describes what rhythm to play during the current bar. The actual notes selected for the rhythm are determined by the song bar data (see here).
The formats for the different tracks vary, but are similar enough to confuse the unwary.
Each pattern definition consists of three parts:
In the following sections definitions are shown in continuation lines; however, it is quite legal to mash all the information onto a single line.
The following concepts are used when defining a pattern:
The offset can be further modified by appending a note length (see the duration chart, below). If you want to specify an offset in the middle of the first beat you can use ``1.5'' or ``1+8''. The latter means the first beat plus the value of an eight note. This notation is quite useful when generating ``swing'' sequences. For example, two ``swing eights'' chords on beat one would be notated as: ``1 81 90; 1+81 82 90''.
You can subtract note lengths as well, but this is rarely done. And, to make your style files completely unreadable, you can even use note length combinations. So, yes, the following pattern is fine:4.2
Chord Define C1 2-81+4 82 90 |
Notation Description 1 Whole note 2 Half 4 Quarter 8 Eighth 81 The first of a pair of swing eights 82 The second of a pair of swing eights 16 Sixteenth 32 Thirty-second 64 Sixty-fourth 3 Eight note triplet 43 Quarter note triplet 23 Half note triplet 6 Sixteenth note triplet 5 Eight note quintuplet 0 A single MIDI tick
The ``81'' and ``82'' notations represent the values of a pair of eighth notes in a swing pair. These values vary depending on the setting of SWINGMODE SKEW, see here.
The note length ``0'' is a special value often used in drum tracks where the actual ``ringing''length appears to be controlled by the MIDI synth, not the driving program. Internally, a ``0'' note length is converted to a single MIDI tick.
Lengths can have a single or double dot appended. For example, ``2.'' is a dotted half note and ``4..'' adds an eight and sixteenth value to a quarter note.
Note lengths can be combined using ``+''. For example, to make a dotted eight note use the notation ``8+16'', a dotted half ``2+4'', and a quarter triplet ``3+3''.
Note lengths can also be combined using a ``-''. For example, to make a dotted half you could use ``1-4''. Subtraction might appear silly at first, but is useful in generating a note just a bit shorter than its full beat. For example, ``1-0'' will generate a note 1 MIDI tick shorter than a whole note. This can be used in generating breaks in sustained tones.4.3
It is permissible to combine notes with ``dots'', ``+''s and ``-''s. The notation ``2.+4'' would be the same as a whole note.
The actual duration given to a note will be adjusted by the ARTICULATE value here).
MIDI velocities are limited to the range 0 to 127. However, MMA does not check the volumes specified in a pattern for validity.4.5
In most cases velocities in the range 50 to 100 are useful.
, and G) has 3 offsets: 0, 1
and 2. Note that the offsets refer to the chord not the
scale. For example, a musician might refer to the ``fifth''--this
means the fifth note of a scale ...in a major chord this is the
third note, which has an offset of 2 in
MMA .
Patterns can be defined for BASS, WALK, CHORD, ARPEGGIO and DRUM tracks. All patterns are shared by the tracks of the same type--Chord-Sus and Chord-Piano share the patterns for Chord. As a convenience, MMA will permit you to define a pattern for a sub-track, but remember that it will be shared by all similar tracks. For example:
Drum Define S1 1 0 50 |
and
Drum-woof Define S1 1 0 50 |
Will generate identical outcomes.4.6
A bass pattern is defined with:
Position Duration Offset Volume ; ... |
Each group consists of an beat offset for the start point, the note duration, the note offset and volume.
The note offset is one of the digits ``1'' through ``7'', each representing a note of the chord scale. So, if you want to play the root and fifth in a traditional bass pattern you'd use ``1'' and ``5'' in your pattern definition.
The note offset can be modified by appending a single or multiple set of ``+'' or ``-'' signs. Each ``+'' will force the note up an octave; each ``-'' forces it down. This modifier is handy in creating bass patterns when you wish to alternate between the root note and the root up an octave ...but users will find other interesting patterns. There is no limit to the number of ``+''s or ``-''s. You can even use both together if you're in a mood to obfuscate.
The note offset can be further modified with a single accidental "#", "&" or "b". This modifier will raise or lower the note by a semitone.4.7 In the boogie-woogie library file a "6#" is used to generate a dominant 7th.
| Bass Definition | |
|
This example defines 4 bass notes (probably staccato eight notes) at beats 1, 2, 3 and 4 in a 4/4 time bar. The first note is the root of the chord, the second is the fifth; the third note is the third; the last note is the root up an octave. The volumes of the notes are set to a MIDI velocity of 90 for beats 1 and 3 and 80 for beats 2 and 4.
MMA refers to note tables to determine the ``scale'' to use in a
bass pattern. Each recognized chord type has an associated scale. For
example, the chord ``Cm'' consists of the notes ``c'', ``e''
and ``g''; the scale for this chord is ``c, d, e, f, g, a, b''.
Due to the ease in which specific notes of a scale can be specified, BASS tracks and patterns are useful for much more than ``bass'' lines! These tracks are useful for sustained string voices, interesting arpeggio and scale lines, and counter melodies.
A Chord pattern is defined with:
Position Duration Volume1 Volume2 .. ; ... |
Each group consists of an beat offset for the start point, the note duration, and the volumes for each note in the chord. If you have fewer volumes than notes in a chord, the last volume will apply to the remaining notes.
| Chord Definition | |
|
This example defines a 4/4 pattern in a quarter, quarter, quarter, triplet rhythm. The quarter notes sound on beats 1, 2 and 3; the triplet is played on beat 4. The example assumes that you have C major for beats 1 and 2, and G major for 3 and 4.
Using a volume of ``0'' will disable a note. So, you want only the root and third of a chord to sound, you could use something like:
Chord Define Dups 1 8 90 0 90 0; 3 8 90 0 90 0 |
An Arpeggio pattern is defined with:
Position Duration Volume ; ... |
The arpeggio tracks play notes from a chord one at a time. This is quite different from chords where the notes are played all at once--refer to the STRUM directive (here).
Each group consists of an beat offset, the note duration, and the note volume. You have no choice as to which notes of a chord are played (however, they are played in alternating ascending/descending order.4.8 Volumes are selected for the specific beat, not for the actual note.
| Arpeggio Definition | |
|
This example plays quarter note on beats 1, 2, 3 and 4 of a bar in 4/4 time.
A Walking Bass pattern is defined with:
Position Duration Volume ; ... |
Walking bass tracks play up and down the first part of a scale, paying attention to the ``color''4.9 of the chord. Walking bass lines are very common in jazz and swing music. They appear quite often as an ``emphasis'' bar in marches.
Each group consists of an beat offset, the note duration, and the note volume. MMA selects the actual note pitches to play based on the current chord (you cannot change this).
| Walking Bass Definition | |
|
This example plays a bass note on beats 1, 2 and 3 of a bar in 3/4 time.
A scale pattern is defined with:
Position Duration Volume ; ... |
Each group consists of an beat offset for the start point, the note duration, and volume.
| Scale Definition | |
|
This example defines three scale patterns: ``S1'' is just a single whole note, not that useful on its own, but it is used as a base for ``S4'' and ``S8''.
``S4'' is 4 quarter notes and ``S8'' is 8 eight notes. All the volumes are set to a MIDI velocity of 90.
Scale patterns are quite useful in endings. More options for scales detailed in the SCALEDIRECTION (here) and SCALETYPE (here) sections.
Drum tracks are a bit different from the other tracks discussed so far. Instead of having each track saved as a separate MIDI track, all the drum tracks are combined onto MIDI track 10.
A Drum pattern is defined with:
Position Duration Volume; ... |
| Drum Definition | |
|
This example plays a drum sound on beats 1, 2, 3 and 4 of a bar in 4/4 time. The MIDI velocity (volume) of the drum is 100 on beats 1 and 3; 80 on beats 2 and 4.
This example uses the special duration of ``0'', which indicates 1 MIDI tick.
Essential to drum definitions is the TONE directive.
When a drum pattern is defined it uses the default ``note'' or ``tone'' which is a snare drum sound. But, this can (and should) be changed using the TONE directive. This is normally issued at the same time as a sequence is set up (see sequences).
TONE is a list of drum sounds which match the sequence length. Here's a short, concocted example (see the library files for many more):
Drum Define S1 1 0 90 |
Here the drum patterns ``S2'' and ``S4'' are defined to sound a drum on beats 1 and 3, and 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively (see DefMult for details on the ``*'' option). Next, a sequence size of 4 bars and a drum sequence are set to use this pattern. Finally, MMA is instructed to use a SnareDrum1 sound in bar 1, a SideKick sound in bar 2, a LowTom1 in bar 3 and a Slap in bar 4. If the song has more than four bars, this sequence will be repeated.
In most cases you will probably use a single drum tone name for the entire sequence, but it can be useful to alternate the tone between bars.
To repeat the same ``tone'' in a sequence list, use a single ``/''.
The ``tone'' can be specified with a MIDI note value or with a symbolic name. For example, a snare drum could be specified as ``38'' or ``SnareDrum1''. The Drumnames appendix lists all the defined symbolic names.
It is possible to substitute tone values. See TONETR.
When defining a pattern, you can use an existing pattern name in place of a definition grouping. For example, if you have already defined a chord pattern (which is played on beats 1 and 3) as:
Chord Define M13 1 4 80; 3 4 80 |
you can create a new pattern which plays on same beats and adds a single push note just before the third beat:
Chord Define M1+3 M13; 2.5 16 80 0 |
A few points to note:
This is a powerful shortcut in creating patterns. See the included library files for examples.
Since most pattern definitions are, internally, repetitious, you can create complex rhythms by multiplying a copy of an existing pattern. For example, if you have defined a pattern to play a chord on beats 1 though 4 (a quarter note strum), you can easily create a similar pattern to play eighth note chords on beats 1, 1.5, etc. though 4.5 with a command like:
Track Define NewPattern OldPattern * N |
where ``Track'' is a valid track name (``Chord'', ``Walk'', ``Bass'', ``Arpeggio'' or ``Drum'', as well as ``Chord2'' or ``DRUM3'', etc.).
The ``*'' is absolutely required.
``N'' can be any integer value between 2 and 100.
| Multiply Define | |
|
In this example a Drum pattern is defined which plays a drum tone on beat 1 (assuming 4/4 time). Then a new pattern, ``S13'', is created. This is the old ``S1'' multiplied by 2. This new pattern will play a tone on beats 1 and 3.
Next, ``S1234'' is created. This plays 4 notes, one the each beat.
Note the definition for ``S64'': ``S32'' could have been multiplied by 2, but, for illustrative purposes, ``S1'' has been multiplied by 64--same result either way.
When MMA multiplies an existing pattern it will (usually) do what you expect. The start positions for all notes are adjusted to the new positions; the length of all the notes are adjusted (quarter notes become eighth notes, etc.). No changes are made to note offsets or volumes.
This example shows how to get a swing pattern which might be useful on a snare drum.
| Swing Beat Drum Definition | |
|
To see the effects of multiplying patterns, create a simple test file and process it though MMA with the ``-p'' option.
Even cooler4.10 is combining a multiplier, and existing pattern and a new pattern all in one statement. The following is quite legal (and useful):
Drum Define D1234 1 0 90 * 4 |
which creates drum hits on beats 1, 2, 3 and 4.
More contrived (but examples are needed) is:
Drum Define Dfunny D1234 * 2; 1.5 0 70 * 2 |
If you're really interested in the result, run MMA with the ``-p'' option with the above definition.
An existing pattern can be modified by shifting it a beat, or portion of a beat. This is done in a MMA definition with the SHIFT directive. This example shows a triplet pattern created to play on beat 1, and then a second pattern played on beat 3.
| Shift Pattern Definition | ||
|
Note that the shift factor can be a negative or positive value. It can be fractional. Just be sure that the factor doesn't force the note placement to be less than 1 or greater than the TIME setting.
And, just like the multiplier discussed earlier you can shift patterns as they are defined. And shifts and multipliers can be combined. So, to define a series of quarter notes on the offbeat you could use:
Drum Define D1234' 1 0 90 * 4 Shift .5 |
which would create the same pattern as the longer:
Drum Define D1234' 1.5 1 90; 2.5 1 90; 3.5 1 90; 4.5 1 90 |
